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Yansu Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yun Shen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Tingting Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yufei Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Xiaojing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Haoyong Yu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yuqian Bao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic stress-induced liver injury that is pathologically manifested by excessive triglyceride deposition in hepatocytes. It is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide

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Jia Li Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Yan Zhao Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Caoxin Huang Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Zheng Chen Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Xiulin Shi Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Long Li Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Zhong Chen Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Xuejun Li Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an important public health problem because of its high prevalence with lifestyle improvements. Currently, the principal treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle modification by diet and

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Iben Rix Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Zealand Pharma A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Marie L Johansen Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Asger Lund Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Malte P Suppli Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Elizaveta Chabanova Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Gerrit van Hall Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Caroline Kistorp Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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restoring amino acid turnover. The price for this is, however, that glucose production increases, as glucagon action on glucose production seems to be preserved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( 10 , 12 ). The mechanisms underlying this hepatic

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Jun-Xin Yan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Bin-Jing Pan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Ping-Ping Zhao The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Li-Ting Wang The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Jing-Fang Liu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Song-Bo Fu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the excessive deposition of fat (>5% of the liver weight) in liver cells without causes such as heavy drinking, hypothyroidism, or drugs, is considered a liver manifestation of

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Robert Maidstone Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Martin K Rutter Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Thomas Marjot Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford Liver Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK

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David W Ray Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Matthew Baxter Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Fazel Y Henry L & Wymer M . Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes . Hepatology 2016 64 73 – 84 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28431 ) 2 European Association

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Zhiyan Yu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yueyue Wu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rui Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yue Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Shufei Zang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Liu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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factor-1 and hypoalbuminemia. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affecting multiple extrahepatic organs is considered a multi-system disease ( 2 ). Recent studies have shown that NAFLD is a high risk factor for osteoporosis ( 3 ). Several studies

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David Koeckerling Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy F Cobbold Oxford Liver Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Why fight liver fat? What is NAFLD? Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognised as the most common aetiology of chronic liver disease, with an estimated global prevalence of 25.2%, and as a major cause of cirrhosis and

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Introduction Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is part of a disease spectrum, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which ranges from simple steatosis to fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). NASH is, therefore, a

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Khaled Kabarra Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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Pegah Golabi Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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Zobair M Younossi Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
Inova Medicine, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its subtype of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were first described in the 1980s, coinciding with a rapid rise in epidemic of obesity ( 1 , 2 ). Increasingly, NAFLD has been

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Aneta Gawlik Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Michael Shmoish Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Zbigniew Olczak Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Katarzyna Gruszczynska Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Ze’ev Hochberg Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Introduction Nonsyndromic childhood obesity is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of conditions, ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and various degrees of fibrosis and cirrhosis ( 1

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