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Department of Nutrition, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1467-z ) 19 Lips P van Schoor NM de Jongh RT . Diet, sun, and lifestyle as determinants of vitamin D status . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2014 1317 92 – 98 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12443 ) 20
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/HRT use, physical activity, socioeconomic status, income, job, obesity, education level, lifestyle, sun exposure, lean mass, nutrient intake, residence type, race, ethnicity, serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate, GFR, 25(OH)D, CRP, WC, month of blood
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makes the lack of assessment of vitamin D status at the end of the study especially regrettable since achieved vitamin D status has emerged as an important determinant of many health outcomes ( 96 ). For example, serum 25(OH)D values of ≤100 nmol
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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determinant of vitamin D-mediated innate immune responses. Given that serum levels of 25D are the principal determinant of vitamin D ‘status’ in any given individual, the efficacy of antibacterial and antiviral immune responses may therefore be impaired in the
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they may relate to changes in lifestyle and environment (e.g. increase in urban population, decrease in the number of people engaged in outdoor occupations, air pollution) which are associated with sunlight exposure ( 51 ). It is worth noting that
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University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT TIROL), Tirol, Austria
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Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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, lifestyle factors as well as genetic polymorphisms should be taken into account when comparing findings of studies across different regions and ethnicities ( 31 , 32 , 33 ). In addition, varying vitamin D thresholds have been used to cluster participants
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accumulation of vascular calcifications both in the tunica intima and in the tunica media constitutes an important cardiovascular risk factor, while the degree of decrease in BMD is an important determinant of the probability of fragility fractures. Vascular
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variable even among healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance. The phenotype of insulin function is influenced by many familial, genetic, and environmental factors of a particular individual. Lifestyle factors, i.e. physical activity and diet, are
