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) ( 27 ), CV A is the interassay coefficient of variation for the analytical method (7% for both cortisol and cortisone), and CV is each individual's CV based on the baseline late-night salivary samples. Effects of liquorice on blood pressure and
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Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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high prenatal cortisol exposure on child development. The effects of synthetic GC administration and maternal stress on later neurodevelopmental disorders have been reviewed elsewhere ( 52 , 73 , 74 ). In sum, both prenatal synthetic GCs and naturally
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
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, 11.3, 13.2) and 473 girls with a median age 12.3 years (11.1, 13.2). Approximately 2 years later (T2) between February 2017 and July 2018, 563 boys with a median age of 14.3 years (13.4, 15.8) and 422 girls with a median age of 14.3 years (13.4, 15
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-physiological profile with supraphysiological levels in the evenings when individuals are more sensitive to the effects of cortisol ( 8 ). In comparison, prednisolone has a longer half-life attributed to the presence of a double bond between C1 and C2, thus allowing
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particularly true in the case of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) ( 1 ). These neuroendocrine tumors produce symptoms due to direct tumor effects and the synthesis and release of bioactive amines, neurotransmitters, and hormones; about 20 new
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-normalized original steroid concentrations (nmol/L) also showing the initial drop of glucocorticoid synthesis after initiation of therapy with later recovery in the tapering phase (Supplementary Table 1). We have also determined cortisone in all patients at all
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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important inhibitory effects towards pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) ( 10 ). Therefore, in appropriate responses to critical illness and hyperinflammation, glucocorticoid levels are upregulated, attaining levels up to six
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glucocorticoid feedback control. In contrast to the negative feedback effects of cortisol on hypothalamic CRH, cortisol stimulates placental CRH release. This is one of the rare positive feedback regulatory loops in physiology and is terminated at delivery ( 20
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Wellcome–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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), gastrointestinal tract (luminal intestinal epithelial cells) and other tissues ( 2 , 3 ), exploration of the potential effects on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is of interest in understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. ACE2 inhibits RAAS
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( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 21 ). In most cases, this was identified in early infancy; however, there are reports of later diagnoses including one individual aged 12 years ( 4 ). The majority of individuals with thyroid disease (67