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interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β show concentration-dependent negative regulation of NIS ( 16 , 17 ). IL1 is secreted mainly by neutrophils ( 15 ). Previous studies have found that peripheral blood IL-1β decreases in patients with hyperthyroidism. We speculated
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Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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-γ, interferon gamma; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; Th1/Th2, T-helper 1/T-helper 2. Later, the authors analyze all the available reported studies of patients treated for GO with
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, leading to thyroid swelling through the induction of cell necrosis or apoptosis ( 19 , 20 ). Activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, by producing cytokines that damage thyroid cells, such as TNF-α and interleukin 1 (IL-1), further induce increased lymphocytic
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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism has been defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine levels ( 1 ). Despite maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels, patients with subclinical
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in the pro-inflammatory background (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and altered signaling of thyroid-stimulating hormone, insulin growth factor 1, leptin, adiponectin, and androgens
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regulating the expression of NIS, TPO, TG, and TSH receptors in the thyroid ( 10 , 11 ). Previous studies found that cytokines including TNFα and TNFβ, interferons (IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ), interleukins (IL1α, IL1β, and IL6), and TGFβ can also inhibit the mRNA
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) are both complex autoimmune diseases that are caused by an interplay of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility ( 1 ). Risk factors such as smoking, emotional stress
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in tears from 21 GO patients and 10 healthy controls found that interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were significantly higher in those with active GO in relation to patients with inactive GO and healthy controls ( 6 ). Capillary permeability
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that commonly manifests as hyperthyroidism and diffuse goitre. The annual incidence of GD is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people worldwide ( 1 , 2 ). The GD phenotype is
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Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy ( 1 ) and the risk of its recurrence varies from patient to patient, ranging from less than 5% to more than 20% ( 2 ). Efforts have been made