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Ferdinand Roelfsema Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Peter Y Liu Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Rebecca Yang Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Paul Takahashi Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Johannes D Veldhuis Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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sleep disorders ( 1 ). At present, the precise extent to which specific inflammatory mediators mediate hypercortisolemia is unknown. This is pertinent because the cytokine family of immunoregulators has many members that include interleukins (IL-1 to IL

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Olga V Surovtseva Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Saskia Aan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anton T J Tool Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemarie van de Geer Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Korcan Demir Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey

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Anja L M van Gucht Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Timo K van den Berg Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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immune response. To answer this, we assessed circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in a previously described patient with RTHα ( 19 ) and found elevated concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8). We then measured IL-8 in a larger cohort of 8 RTHα

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Emanuela Zaharieva Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Clinic of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Zdravko Kamenov Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Clinic of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Tsvetelina Velikova Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Adelina Tsakova Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Central Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Yosif El-Darawish Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan

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Haruki Okamura Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan

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Introduction Interleukin-18 (IL-18), discovered in the late 20th century as an interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-inducing factor ( 1 ), is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 superfamily ( 2 ). It is produced by monocyte/macrophages, endothelial cells

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Fahim Ebrahimi Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Sandrine A Urwyler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Philipp Schuetz Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

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Beat Mueller Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

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Luca Bernasconi Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

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Peter Neyer Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

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Marc Y Donath Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

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leads to an increased activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis with excess of glucocorticoids which are known to increase the risk for metabolic complications and cardiovascular mortality ( 6 ). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to

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Weiwei He Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China

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Bin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Kaida Mu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Jing Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Yanping Yang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Wei Yao Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Sheli Li Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China

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Jin-an Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China

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in patients in the 20–40 years age group. We have previously found that polymorphisms in some genes such as CTLA4 and PTPN22 ( 12 , 13 ) were associated with GD. Interleukin (IL)-27 (IL27) has an important role in shaping Th cell responses and is

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Clara Odilia Sailer Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sophia Julia Wiedemann Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Konrad Strauss Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Wiebke Kristin Fenske Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Center for Research and Treatment Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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an increased inflammatory response with an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon hypernatremia and hyperosmolality ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). Human in vivo studies investigating

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Linfei Yang Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xiao Yu Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Yongchao Yang Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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/mL) at 37°C with 5% CO 2 ( 30 ). To investigate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the activation of STAT3, BON1 cells were treated with recombinant human IL-6 (25 ng mL −1 ) (Cell Signaling Technology) for different periods (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). The

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Cihan Atila Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sophie Monnerat Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Roland Bingisser Emergency Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Siegemund Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Maurin Lampart Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Marco Rueegg Emergency Department, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Núria Zellweger Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Stefan Osswald Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Katharina Rentsch Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Raphael Twerenbold Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
University Center of Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg–Kiel–Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany

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) ( 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 ) being characterized by an imbalanced arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion ( 23 ). The exact pathophysiological mechanism leading to SIAD in these patients remains elusive, although the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is

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Qi Che Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xirong Xiao Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Xu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Miao Liu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongning Lu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Suying Liu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xi Dong Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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cancer is often correlated with exceptional estrogen changes and estrogen-induced signaling ( 5 ). We previously verified that 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) upregulated interleukin (IL)-6 expressions in endometrial cancer, which lead to the local E 2 synthesis in

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Milica Popovic Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Fahim Ebrahimi Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sandrine Andrea Urwyler Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Marc Yves Donath Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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, history of a severe infection within the previous 2 months or a current infection, severe comorbidities and pregnancy or breastfeeding. After the screening visit, all patients received three s.c. injections of the recombinant human interleukin-1-receptor

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