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Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum, Jena, Germany
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Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse, Leipzig, Germany
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Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse, Leipzig, Germany
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Rychik J & Goldberg D . Usefulness of insulin like growth factor 1 as a marker of heart failure in children and young adults after the Fontan palliation procedure . American Journal of Cardiology 2015 15 816 – 820 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j
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transmitted mainly in an autosomal dominant (AD) matter and may thus cause monogenic FSS. Apart from growth plate disorders, heterozygous mutations in genes affecting the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis are also known to cause
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Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
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Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
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studies in type 1 diabetes and in healthy subjects. According to mechanistic studies, insulin is one of the main regulators of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis ( 21 ), frequently involved in growth failure associated with
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Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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.9 (0.3) 20 0.8 (0.2) IGF-I SDS, mean ( s.d. ) 35 −1.5 (1.3) 20 −1.2 (0.8) n, number of patients with available data. GH, growth hormone; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; NS, Noonan syndrome; SDS, standard deviation
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GnRH CPP, central precocious puberty; DDX3X, DEAD-box helicase 3; DLK1, delta-like 1 homologue; GnRH, gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone; IG-DMR, intergenic differentially methylated regions; IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2; KMT2D
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verified and collected at each study time. All patients were submitted to rhGH treatment according to the Italian Agency for Drugs guidelines ( 25 ). Biochemical analysis Fasting glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) values were
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Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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radiologic and clinical examinations suggest an endocrine cause of the growth disturbance, growth hormone stimulation tests (GHSTs), serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), and sometimes an IGF1 generation test are used to investigate the growth hormone (GH)–IGF
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, growth hormone; GI, gastrointestinal; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; LH, luteinizing hormone; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging ( 3 ). From New England Journal of Medicine
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origin and most GH stimulation tests stimulate the secretion of GH from the pituitary gland which may result in falsely normal GH responses ( 2 , 16 ). The marker of GH activity insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is below normal in 75–91% ( 2 , 16