Kjersti S Bakken
Kjersti S Bakken
Women’s Clinic, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kristina Randjelovic Nermo
Kristina Randjelovic Nermo
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø
Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø
Department of Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Tim I M Korevaar
Tim I M Korevaar
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tor A Strand
Tor A Strand
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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caused overdiagnosis of (subclinical) hypothyroidism and subsequent overtreatment ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). However, there is a lack of data that quantify this potential increase in thyroid hormone therapy from a national perspective. Interestingly, the diagnostic
Bjarke R Medici
Bjarke R Medici
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Birte Nygaard
Birte Nygaard
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jeppe L la Cour
Jeppe L la Cour
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Martin Krakauer
Martin Krakauer
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andreas Brønden
Andreas Brønden
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mette P Sonne
Mette P Sonne
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Jens J Holst
Jens J Holst
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jens F Rehfeld
Jens F Rehfeld
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tina Vilsbøll
Tina Vilsbøll
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Jens Faber
Jens Faber
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Filip K Knop
Filip K Knop
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (i.e. < 4 mU/L) (visit 2), and after at least 6 months of substitution therapy with TSH < 4 mU/L (visit 3). Levothyroxine therapy was initially evaluated every 4 weeks until the participants were euthyroid and then every 3
Carmen Sydlik
Carmen Sydlik
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Inn-Salzach-Rott, Altoetting, Germany
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Ilja Dubinski
Ilja Dubinski
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Susanne Bechtold
Susanne Bechtold
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Heinrich Schmidt
Heinrich Schmidt
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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therapy for hypothyroidism ( 17 ). In this context, there is an ongoing discussion on optimal thyroid hormone levels and the best parameter for laboratory surveillance of treatment. Considering the crucial influence of thyroid hormones on cognitive
Ning Yuan
Ning Yuan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jianbin Sun
Jianbin Sun
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xin Zhao
Xin Zhao
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jing Du
Jing Du
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Min Nan
Min Nan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qiaoling Zhang
Qiaoling Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xiaomei Zhang
Xiaomei Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Introduction Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), which is defined as an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration beyond the upper limit of the pregnancy-specific reference range and a normal free-thyroxine (FT4
Line Tang Møllehave
Line Tang Møllehave
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Marie Holm Eliasen
Marie Holm Eliasen
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ieva Strēle
Ieva Strēle
The Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Allan Linneberg
Allan Linneberg
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Nuclear Medicine Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Ludmila B Ivanova
Ludmila B Ivanova
Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zvonko Kusić
Zvonko Kusić
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Iris Erlund
Iris Erlund
Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Till Ittermann
Till Ittermann
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Endre V Nagy
Endre V Nagy
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jonathan Eli Arbelle
Jonathan Eli Arbelle
Division of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Aaron Milton Troen
Aaron Milton Troen
The Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Valdis Pīrāgs
Valdis Pīrāgs
Internal Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Lisbeth Dahl
Lisbeth Dahl
Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner
Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner
Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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João Jacome de Castro
João Jacome de Castro
Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mafalda Marcelino
Mafalda Marcelino
Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Simona Gaberšček
Simona Gaberšček
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Katja Zaltel
Katja Zaltel
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Manuel Puig-Domingo
Manuel Puig-Domingo
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lluis Vila
Lluis Vila
Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Juan Despi, Barcelona, Spain
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Sofia Manousou
Sofia Manousou
Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
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Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
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Helena Filipsson Nyström
Helena Filipsson Nyström
Department of Endocrinology, Specialist Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Michael Bruce Zimmermann
Michael Bruce Zimmermann
Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Karen R Mullan
Karen R Mullan
Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Jayne Valerie Woodside
Jayne Valerie Woodside
Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Henry Völzke
Henry Völzke
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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use per 10,000 persons, sex- and age-standardized. Country Country code Thyroid medication Antithyroid medication, users Antithyroid medication, DDD Thyroid hormone therapy, users Thyroid hormone therapy, DDD Belgium
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Vera Schempp
Vera Schempp
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Katharina Förtsch
Katharina Förtsch
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bettina Gohlke
Bettina Gohlke
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Michaela Marx
Michaela Marx
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Joachim Woelfle
Joachim Woelfle
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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, and outcomes were analysed. GD is defined as (i) elevated free thyroxine (fT4) (normal range (NR): 10–25 pmol/L), (ii) completely suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (NR: 0.5–4.5 mU/L), and (iii) elevated thyrotrophin receptor antibodies
Yuegui Wang
Yuegui Wang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Liwei Hong
Liwei Hong
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Caiyun Yang
Caiyun Yang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Guorong Lv
Guorong Lv
School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Kangjian Wang
Kangjian Wang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Xuepeng Huang
Xuepeng Huang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Haolin Shen
Haolin Shen
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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upon thyroid cells, triggering subsequent cell death ( 3 ). Consequently, there is a reduction in thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Some researchers posit that the response of GD patients to RAI therapy correlates with the sensitivity of thyroid
Xiaoya Zheng
Xiaoya Zheng
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Heng Xiao
Heng Xiao
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jian Long
Jian Long
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Qiang Wei
Qiang Wei
Prevention of Disease Department, Chongqing Jiulongpo District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Liping Liu
Liping Liu
Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Liping Zan
Liping Zan
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wei Ren
Wei Ren
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Introduction Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade therapies are widely used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ( 1 ). In addition to their antitumor effects, anti-PD-1 antibodies have been reported to cause immune
Yanling Cai
Yanling Cai
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Yan Yang
Yan Yang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Xiao Pang
Xiao Pang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Suping Li
Suping Li
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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. TC among male patients tends to be more aggressive at the time of diagnosis and may be associated with a poor prognosis ( 1 , 2 ). This implies a higher TC risk stratification in men. Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI or 131 I therapy) is the main
Lian Duan
Lian Duan
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Han-Yu Zhang
Han-Yu Zhang
Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Min Lv
Min Lv
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Han Zhang
Han Zhang
Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Yao Chen
Yao Chen
Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Ting Wang
Ting Wang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Yan Li
Yan Li
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Yan Wu
Yan Wu
Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Junfeng Li
Junfeng Li
Department of Radiology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
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Kefeng Li
Kefeng Li
School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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hypothyroidism (HT) within 6 months after RAI. Given that patients with post-RAI HT may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, it is essential to identify the GD patients with a high risk of early HT before RAI. The pathophysiological mechanisms
