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adulthood ( 2 , 5 , 6 ). Thyroid hormones can regulate metabolism associated with basal metabolic rate and body composition ( 7 , 8 ). In general, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is positively correlated with BMI, whereas total thyroxine (TT4) and
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
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Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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. Iodine deficiency is associated with adverse outcomes ranging from severe mental retardation and stunting to goiter/thyroid nodules and hyperthyroidism ( 8 ). However, the window of adequate iodine intake is narrow, hence, iodine excess may increase the
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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–20 weeks and is therefore dependent on maternal thyroid hormones ( 10 , 11 ). Although Norway has been considered iodine sufficient, pregnancy is a state of increased iodine demand and recent evidence suggests that mild and moderate iodine deficiency is
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patient's symptoms of proptosis were reduced. Another case report describes a patient with adult growth hormone deficiency who presented with bilateral lacrimal gland and eyelid swelling 1 month after initiation of GH therapy and was diagnosed with GO
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Introduction The purpose of this review is to compile and discuss findings related to the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in the development, physiology, and pathology of the prostate gland. The study of the prostate is of interest in the field
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the true increase of PTC incidence ( 3 ). Although the mortality rate of PTC is very low ( 4 ), its prognostic factors deserve attention because of the large population base of incidence. 25(OH)D, a kind of steroid hormone mainly produced in skin
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Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is caused by an inappropriately high secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism has a prevalence ranging from 0.4 to 2.5% in iodine sufficient parts of the world ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), the
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Introduction Hypothyroidism, including overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is a common disease among people. The former is defined as increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and reduced free peripheral thyroid hormone (TH
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Introduction Pregnancy is a unique period of female life when a series of hormone changes jointly regulate thyroid function. Maternal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels peak at 30,000–100,000 U/L in the eighth to tenth week of gestation
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Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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hypo-parathyroid hormone-emia (hypo-PTHemia) and/or hypocalcemia are among the most common complications of thyroid surgery, with an incidence ranging 1.2–40% ( 2 ). Patients undergoing unilateral thyroidectomy had significantly lower risk of temporary