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response to elevated placental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulating TSH receptors and vary based on geography, ethnicity, BMI, iodine nutritional status, and detection method ( 22 , 23 , 24 ). In 2017, the American Thyroid Association (ATA
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carcinoma, male, testis, sperm, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid neoplasm, gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, among others. The search terms were combined with the Boolean operators AND and OR. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for
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Introduction Pregnancy is a unique period of female life when a series of hormone changes jointly regulate thyroid function. Maternal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels peak at 30,000–100,000 U/L in the eighth to tenth week of gestation
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inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) singleton pregnancy, (ii) residency in Beijing for more than 5 years, (iii) 4–8 weeks of gestation as determined using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) testing or ultrasonography, and (iv) euthyroidism or SCH (TSH
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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maternal pregnancy outcomes; in TPOAb+ pregnant women, the thyroidal response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation appears to be impaired, and so, these women may fail to meet the pregnancy-related increased demand for thyroid hormone synthesis ( 23