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  • Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes x
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Pernille H Hellmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jonatan I Bagger Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Katrine R Carlander Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Katrine B Hansen Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Julie L Forman Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Joachim Størling Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Elizaveta Chabanova Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Prednisolone, a corticosteroid-based drug, is used in a wide range of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Glucocorticoids affect various human tissues, and it has been shown

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Robert Maidstone Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Martin K Rutter Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Thomas Marjot Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford Liver Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK

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David W Ray Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Matthew Baxter Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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therapeutic glucocorticoids show differential effects depending on circadian phase, due to circadian modulation of glucocorticoid receptor cistromes ( 22 ). Conclusion This study shows that shift workers have a higher likelihood of developing

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Felix Reschke Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Torben Biester Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Thekla von dem Berge Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Dagmar Jamiolkowski Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Laura Hasse Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Francesca Dassie Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Pietro Maffei Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Katharina Klee Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Olga Kordonouri Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Hagen Ott Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Thomas Danne Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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diabeticorum is multimodal consisting of emollients, topical glucocorticoids and immunomodulators and systemic antihistamines, for example. Also, mild skin care with synthetic detergents rather than alkalic soaps and the avoidance of potential contact allergens

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Wei Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yunke Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoling Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yu Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Mingxia Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Juan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Chen School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Dawei Shi School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Linong Ji Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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the proportion of glucose data captured ≥75%. Exclusion criteria included: (i) fasting C peptide > 200 pmol/L; (ii) receiving glucocorticoid treatment; (iii) pregnancy or lactation and (iv) history of severe cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular

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Xiaobing Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jiang Yue Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Qianjing Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Shengyun He Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Ying Dong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Ming Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Yicheng Qi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Minglan Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Wang Zhang Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Hua Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Qing Lu Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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(i) secondary obesity, including Cushing’s syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and uncontrolled hypothyroidism; (ii) use of anti-diabetic, slimming drugs, glucocorticoids, antidepressant or antianxiety medications; (iii) pregnancy or lactation

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Ann-Cathrin Koschker Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Bodo Warrings Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Caroline Morbach Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Florian Seyfried Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Rickert Department of Radiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Pius Jung Division of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Andreas Geier Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ulrich Dischinger Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Maike Krauthausen Department of General Practice, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin J Herrmann Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christine Stier Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Stefan Frantz Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Uwe Malzahn Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Stefan Störk Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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the WAS Study Group
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the WAS Study Group

• Unstable angina pectoris • Life expectancy <12 months • Endocrine or psychiatric disorder as cause of obesity • Systemic glucocorticoid treatment (with exception of glucocorticoid replacement therapy) • Abuse of drugs or alcohol within the last 5 years

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Wen Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yuying Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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), missing thyroid parameters ( n   = 4), had a history of thyroid surgery or known thyroid dysfunction,that is, all potential users of drugs for thyroid dysfunction ( n   = 274), had a history of glucocorticoid or amiodarone treatment ( n   = 177), had an

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Feifei Shao Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Xinxin Hu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Jiayu Li Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Bona Bai Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Limin Tian Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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exclusion criteria were as follows: use of drugs that interfered with blood glucose levels, such as glucocorticoids, metformin, and glibenclamide; use of hypolipidemic drugs within six months; current or previous history of severe hepatic disease, cancer

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Yee-Ming M Cheung Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Northwell, Great Neck, New York, USA

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Rudolf Hoermann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Karen Van Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Damian Wu Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Jenny Healy Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Bella Halim Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Manjri Raval Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Maria McGill Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Ali Al-Fiadh Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne Australia

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Michael Chao Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Shane White Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Belinda Yeo Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia

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, exposure to hormone replacement therapy within the 3 months prior to study screening, exposure to glucocorticoid use for ≥2 weeks continuously within the 3 months prior to screening or preexisting diabetes (requiring glucose-lowering medication

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