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, 3 , 4 ). Studies show that obesity and hypertension tend to track from childhood to adulthood ( 5 , 6 ), which is worrisome. Glucocorticoids may be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-associated hypertension, given their
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Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Introduction Stress reactions are by no means universal, and the activation of ‘stress hormones’, such as glucocorticoids or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), is not necessarily the mark of a stress response ( 1 ). Some individuals have
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Institute of Genetic Medicine to Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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components, and related cardiometabolic risk factors, including measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). Cortisol may not be the only glucocorticoid involved in metabolic syndrome as humans also produce
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and associated metabolic conditions, such as insulin resistance ( 5 ), diabetes ( 6 ), hypercholesterolaemia ( 7 ), statins ( 8 ), abdominal fat ( 9 ), the sympathetic nervous system ( 10 , 11 ), and corticosteroid use ( 12 ). Glucocorticoids are a
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Introduction High-dose glucocorticoids are indispensable in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ( 1 ). Two different highly potent synthetic glucocorticoids are used in the current standard protocols, namely
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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critical illness including septic shock, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and acute respiratory distress syndrome ( 7 , 8 ). In the management of hypoxic COVID-19, dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, plays a crucial role in reducing mortality ( 9
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Introduction Glucocorticoid and androgen hormone measurements play a decisive role in the diagnosis and management of many disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and gonads. Examples include Addison's disease (AD), Cushing
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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) ( Fig. 1 ). The expression of the plCRH gene is increased by endogenous (maternal or fetal adrenal) or exogenous synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs), in opposition to the inhibitory effect these molecules exert on hypothalamic CRH synthesis ( 3 , 5 , 12
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St.Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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were described in a large cohort of children with CAH from the AQUAPE CAH registry ( 4 ). Treatment in classic CAH is necessary to compensate for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiencies and also to blunt the ACTH secretion, the major driver
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polarization, which is characterized by low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6, has been previously demonstrated to be induced by glucocorticoids ( 37 ). In the context of pancreatic islets, M2 infiltration promotes cell proliferation