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-related adverse events (irAEs) ( 2 ). Among endocrine irAEs, thyroid dysfunction occurs most frequently in patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy ( 3 , 4 ). The mechanism by which anti-PD-1 treatment causes abnormal thyroid function is not yet fully understood
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Background Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is a rare disease, although it is the most frequent endocrine malignancy in children, representing 2–4% of all pediatric malignancies. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
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Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy ( 1 ) and the risk of its recurrence varies from patient to patient, ranging from less than 5% to more than 20% ( 2 ). Efforts have been made
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Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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present a very low mortality rate ( 21 , 22 ). On the other hand, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) stratification system focused on the risk of persistent/recurrent disease does not seem to assign the proper relevance to specific factors, such as
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Treatment of Yingbing (Thyroid Disease) of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Treatment of Yingbing (Thyroid Disease) of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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metastases are observed in 23.2 and 4.6% of PTMC patients during the AS period. Age is believed to be a prognostic factor for thyroid cancer, that is, younger age is correlated with tumor growth ( 16 ). Whether sex is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis
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influenced by genetic variation as well as social factors such as socioeconomic position (SEP), both contributing to substantial inter-individual differences observed in healthy populations ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). For instance, Völzke et al. ( 13 ) have
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, growth factors, and catecholamines has been widely documented in the normal and cancerous prostate tissue ( Table 3 ). Table 3 Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) in the expression of some messengers and endocrine receptors. T3 (nM) Cell
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