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Anna Sjöström Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Susanne Rysz Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Henrik Sjöström Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Electrolyte and acid-base imbalance are common in many types of severe diseases. In the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, the combination of respiratory failure and metabolic changes due to organ failure results in unpredictable electrolyte

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0265
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 7
Open access
Efstratios Kardalas Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Stavroula A Paschou Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Anagnostis Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Giovanna Muscogiuri Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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Gerasimos Siasos First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andromachi Vryonidou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Introduction Hypokalemia is present when serum levels of potassium are lower than normal. It is a rather common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients, with various causes and sometimes requires urgent medical attention

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0109
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access
Timothy J Morris Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Andrew Whatmore Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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Laura Hamilton Pathology Department, Clinical Biochemistry, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary, Lindley, Huddersfield, UK

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Beverly Hird Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Eric S Kilpatrick Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Lesley Tetlow Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Peter Clayton Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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comprised 50 PRC measurements made at the time the service review was initiated. A renin result was selected if there was an electrolyte profile taken at the same time. More than one sample from the same patient was included as long as it was on a separate

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0370
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 2
Open access
Maxime Duval Department of Medicine, Clinique Jules Verne, Nantes, France

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Kalyane Bach-Ngohou Department of Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

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Damien Masson Department of Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

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Camille Guimard Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

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Philippe Le Conte Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

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David Trewick Department of Medicine, Clinique Jules Verne, Nantes, France
Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France

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reports often fail to report or simply neglect the role of other variables that could by themselves be responsible for the symptoms and signs attributed to hypocalcemia. For example, dysrhythmias might also be due to concomitant electrolyte abnormalities

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0267
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 10
Open access
Riccardo Pofi Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Ilaria Bonaventura Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

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Joanne Duffy Department of Clinical Chemistry and Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Zoe Maunsell Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

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Brian Shine Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

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Andrea M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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assessment (salt craving, blood pressure or oedema) and measuring blood electrolytes and renin. General well-being, maintaining electrolytes in the normal range alongside a normal blood pressure without evidence of postural hypotension and achieving renin

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0059
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 9
Open access
Lia Ferreira Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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João Silva Department of Endocrinology, Hospital das Forças Armadas, Lisboa, Portugal

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Susana Garrido Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, Porto, Portugal

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Carlos Bello Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal

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Diana Oliveira Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Hélder Simões Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal

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Isabel Paiva Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Joana Guimarães Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal

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Marta Ferreira Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

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Teresa Pereira Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

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Rita Bettencourt-Silva Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Filipa Martins Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal

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Tiago Silva Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Garcia da Orta, Lisboa, Portugal

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Vera Fernandes Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal

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Maria Lopes Pereira Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal

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Adrenal Tumors Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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abnormal standard dose ACTH stimulation test (peak plasma cortisol <18 µg/dL); (3) characteristic clinical signs and symptoms such as hyperpigmentation, salt craving, typical electrolyte disturbances and chronic treatment with glucocorticoids and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0295
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 8
Open access
Jorge Gabriel Ruiz-Sánchez Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España

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Alfonso Luis Calle-Pascual Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, España

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Miguel Ángel Rubio-Herrera Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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María Paz De Miguel Novoa Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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Emilia Gómez-Hoyos Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España

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Isabelle Runkle Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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). A review by Wilczynski et al. found that the etiology of hyperkalemia was in fact hypoaldosteronism in 10–80% of patients with this electrolyte alteration in published series ( 7 ). Hyperkalemia is not a constant of hypoaldosteronism, yet is often

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0430
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 3
Open access
Soraya Puglisi Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Paola Perotti Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Mattia Barbot Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Paolo Cosio Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Carla Scaroni Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Antonio Stigliano Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Pina Lardo Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Valentina Morelli Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy

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Elisa Polledri Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Iacopo Chiodini Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy

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Giuseppe Reimondo Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Anna Pia Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Massimo Terzolo Internal Medicine 1, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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during each visit with the same scales and tape measures, respectively, to ensure consistency. Twelve-lead ECG tracings have been obtained in triplicate from all patients. Blood samples for biochemical test (glycemic and lipid profile, electrolytes) were

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0400
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 11
Open access
Frans H H Leenen Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Mordecai P Blaustein Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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John M Hamlyn Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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and vascular actions of the endocrine, circulating RAAS play a major role in the short-term and chronic maintenance of the cardiovascular and electrolyte homeostasis. As a result, AT 1 R or MR blockade may lead to hypotension, renal dysfunction or

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0161
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access
A Daniel Bird Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Spencer Greatorex Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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David Reser Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Steroid hormones play clinically important and specific regulatory roles in the development, growth, metabolism, reproduction and brain function in human. The type 1 and 2 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (11β-HSD1 and 2) have key roles in the pre-receptor modification of glucocorticoids allowing aldosterone regulation of blood pressure, control of systemic fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and modulation of integrated metabolism and brain function. Although the activity and function of 11β-HSDs is thought to be understood, there exists an open reading frame for a distinct 11βHSD-like gene; HSD11B1L, which is present in human, non-human primate, sheep, pig and many other higher organisms, whereas an orthologue is absent in the genomes of mouse, rat and rabbit. We have now characterised this novel HSD11B1L gene as encoded by 9 exons and analysis of EST library transcripts indicated the use of two alternate ATG start sites in exons 2 and 3, and alternate splicing in exon 9. Relatively strong HSD11B1L gene expression was detected in human, non-human primate and sheep tissue samples from the brain, ovary and testis. Analysis in non-human primates and sheep by immunohistochemistry localised HSD11B1L protein to the cytoplasm of ovarian granulosa cells, testis Leydig cells, and gonadatroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Intracellular localisation analysis in transfected human HEK293 cells showed HSD1L protein within the endoplasmic reticulum and sequence analysis suggests that similar to 11βHSD1 it is membrane bound. The endogenous substrate of this third HSD enzyme remains elusive with localisation and expression data suggesting a reproductive hormone as a likely substrate.

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0119
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access