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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de psychopathologie du développement, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Centre de biologie et pathologie Est, Service d’hormonologie, d’endocrinologie moléculaire et des maladies rares, Bron, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Centre de biologie et pathologie Est, Service d’hormonologie, d’endocrinologie moléculaire et des maladies rares, Bron, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Maladies Rares, Bron, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Service d’endocrinologie, Bron, France
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Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France
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Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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patients’ sex of rearing ( 12 , 13 ), while a diagnosis made during infancy may lead to early change of sex of rearing ( 14 ). Diagnostic practices have significantly progressed over the past two decades. Laboratory diagnosis used to be guided by the
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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. A picture of a profoundly genome-wide imbalance has been drawn, which goes far beyond the simple sex chromosomal gene-dosage theory. Figure 1 (A) The most frequent karyotype of Turner syndrome (TS; 45,X), Trisomy X syndrome (47,XXY
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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neuroendocrine mechanisms are unknown. The kisspeptin-GPR54 system has been considered a central reproductive mechanism because the mutations of Gpr54 (a kisspeptin receptor gene) and Kiss1 (a kisspeptin gene) in human and rodent models cause puberty
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(GenBank No.: MK368702) genes of yellowtail clownfish and listed in Table 1 . Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was provided by RNAscope® Multiplex Fluorescent Reagent Kit (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Hayward, USA). Briefly, the cleared slices were
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. In Western populations, the prevalence of endometriosis can reach up to 10% of all reproductive-aged women, but estimates worldwide vary considerably, ranging from 2% to 45%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied and the population examined
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pathogenic variants in telomere biology genes ( 12 ). Similar to FA, the risk of BMF and cancer is high in individuals with DC/TBDs ( 1 , 4 , 12 ). DBA, caused by germline variants in genes encoding ribosomal subunits, may present with anemia at birth, with
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). The etiology of PCOS remains unclear; however, growing evidence suggests that it may have a diverse and intricate etiology that includes interactions between a variety of predisposing genes and environmental factors ( 5 , 6 , 7
Department of Performance and Image-enhancing Drugs Research, Android Health Clinic, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
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Department of Performance and Image-enhancing Drugs Research, Android Health Clinic, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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in mice shows that the increase in EPO production depends on DNA binding of the androgen receptor after ligand binding ( 38 ), it is unclear whether this is a direct effect mediated by binding to a promoter or enhancer region of the EPO gene or
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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homozygous missense mutation (NM_000941: c.1370G>A (p.R457H) in exon 12 of the POR gene) in one patient with Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency. Testing for the CYP21A2 gene using Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe
TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Sandifortdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Sandifortdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Sandifortdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Sandifortdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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TRIXY Center of Expertise, Leiden University Treatment and Expertise Centre (LUBEC), Sandifortdreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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chromosome trisomies (SCTs) remains rather limited in comparison to other chromosome trisomies such as trisomy 21. This is somewhat surprising considering the disproportionate amount of genes on the X chromosomes that have been linked to brain functioning ( 2