Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
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Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 13B is a cytokine of the TNF family that is causally linked to the
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receptors, regulates the expression of cytokines, providing a modulating role in the inflammatory response ( 2 , 7 ). In addition, recent clinical studies have suggested a bidirectional association between concentrations of cytokines stimulated by obesity
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Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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cytokines. These cytokines can modulate the cells of the immune system and could therefore interfere with adequate vascular development of the placenta ( 55 ). PLGF supports the early events of implantation and placental development. Upregulation of PLGF
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central precocious puberty and adipokines: a propensity score matching analysis . Cytokine 2021 148 155660 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155660 ) 12 Sørensen K Aksglaede L Petersen JH Andersson AM Juul A . Serum IGF1 and insulin
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Medical Department Pronokal Group, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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, 48 ). An intrinsic dysfunction of adipose tissue in PCOS has been demonstrated with consequent production of several mediators involved in developing/aggravating IR ( 49 , 50 ). Among these, free fatty acids (FFA), androgens, cortisol, cytokines
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-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) also contain polymorphisms that have been linked to endometriosis. The −1031T/C polymorphism in the TNF-α gene reduces the risk of endometriosis, while −238A/G and −174C/G gene polymorphisms in the TNF-α and IL-6
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; regulating the production of human chorionic gonadotrophin, human placental lactogen, estradiol and progesterone; and influencing uterine natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and T-cells, inhibition of Th1 cytokines and promotion of Th2
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inflammation and lipid transport, inhibits complement proteins, and delays cell apoptosis ( 16 , 17 , 18 ). The downregulation of CLU expression leads to the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ultimately leads to apoptosis ( 19 ). In a
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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prevented a reduction in outer medullary blood flow ( 13 ). More specifically, testosterone has been shown to reduce kidney inflammation by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines ( 13 , 14 ). In addition, lower testosterone has been associated with
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased serum adiponectin levels ( 40 , 41 ). Hmox2 deletion in mice also increased proton leakage and glycolysis in gonadal fat pads and decreased body weight in females but not in males under basal