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Cecilia Lundin Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Agota Malmborg Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Julia Slezak Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Kristina Gemzell Danielsson Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Marie Bixo Department of Clinical Science, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Hanna Bengtsdotter Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

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Lena Marions Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ingela Lindh Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Elvar Theodorsson Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Mats Hammar Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Inger Sundström-Poromaa Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Introduction The effect of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on female sexuality has long been a matter of discussion ( 1 ). According to a systematic review in the field, however, mainly based on observational studies, approximately 15% of

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Lina S Silva-Bermudez School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Freddy J K Toloza School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Maria C Perez-Matos School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Russell J de Souza Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada

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Laura Banfield Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada

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Andrea Vargas-Villanueva School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Carlos O Mendivil School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, and Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Section of Endocrinology, Bogotá, Colombia

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Introduction Four of every five reproductive-age women in the world have used oral contraceptives (OC) ( 1 ). Most OC combine one estrogen with one progestin so there are multiple possible combinations and dosing schemes. Although OC are

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Elizabeth Micks Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Greta B Raglan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Jay Schulkin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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years for the LNG-IUS). Through IUDs, local paracrine effects of progestins on the cervix and endometrium lead to arguably higher contraceptive efficacy than systemic oral, transdermal, and vaginal progestins, or other combined progestin

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Johanna Öberg Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Rolf Jorde Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Yngve Figenschau Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Per Medbøe Thorsby Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway

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Sandra Rinne Dahl Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Winther Division of Neurosciences, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Guri Grimnes Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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-7824(0200436-5 ) 22 Sitruk-Ware RL Menard J Rad M Burggraaf J de Kam ML Tokay BA Sivin I Kluft C . Comparison of the impact of vaginal and oral administration of combined hormonal contraceptives on hepatic proteins sensitive to estrogen

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Hanne Mumm Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Jens Juul Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences and NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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. European Journal of Endocrinology 1998 3 269 – 274 . ( doi:10.1530/eje.0.1380269 ) 14 Costello M Shrestha B Eden J Sjoblom P Johnson N. Insulin-sensitising drugs versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne

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Malin Nylander Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Signe Frøssing Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Caroline Kistorp Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Sven O Skouby Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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, indicates hypercoagulability, as seen in users of combined oral contraceptives ( 12 ). Moreover, high thrombin generation is associated with first and recurrent VTE and possibly with coronary atherosclerosis ( 13 , 14 , 15 ). Thrombin generation has been

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Herjan J T Coelingh Bennink Pantarhei Oncology, Zeist, The Netherlands

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Jan Krijgh Pantarhei Oncology, Zeist, The Netherlands

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Jan F M Egberts Terminal 4 Communications, Hilversum, The Netherlands

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Maria Slootweg Independent Consultant, Zeist, The Netherlands

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Harm H E van Melick Department of Urology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

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Erik P M Roos Department of Urology, Antonius Hospital, Sneek, The Netherlands

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Diederik M Somford Department of Urology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Yvette Zimmerman Pantarhei Oncology, Zeist, The Netherlands

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Iman J Schultz Pantarhei Oncology, Zeist, The Netherlands

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Noel W Clarke The Christie and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trusts, Manchester, UK

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R Jeroen A van Moorselaar Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Frans M J Debruyne Andros Clinics, Arnhem, The Netherlands

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Maillard C Foidart JM Bennink HJ . Bleeding pattern and cycle control with estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptives: results from a phase II, randomised, dose-finding study (Fiesta) . Contraception 2016 94 366 – 373 . ( https://doi.org/10

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Virginie Grouthier Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, GH La Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

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Zeina Chakhtoura Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, GH La Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Paris, France

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Isabelle Tejedor Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, GH La Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Paris, France

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Yasmina Badachi Department of General Radiology, GH La Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Paris, France

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Vincent Goffin Inserm U1151 – CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, GH La Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, F-75013, Paris, France

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, decrease of −0.2 ± 0.03 mm per month of use, P < 0.0001). Regarding oral contraceptives, there was no association on the evolution of MFA, regardless of whether combined oral contraceptives (COC) or only progestin (75µg of desogestrel) were used

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Henrik H Thomsen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Holger J Møller Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Trolle Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Kristian A Groth Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anne Skakkebæk Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Høst Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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controls. The design was a randomized crossover study. Both groups underwent a 2 month wash-out period from hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive therapy (OCT) respectively. Subjects were examined at the end of each 2-month period. The

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Carla Scaroni Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Nora M Albiger Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Serena Palmieri Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Davide Iacuaniello Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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Chiara Graziadio Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

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Luca Damiani Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Marialuisa Zilio Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Antonio Stigliano Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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Rosario Pivonello Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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the Altogether to Beat Cushing’s Syndrome (ABC) study group
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– 161 . 12 Macut D Božić Antić I Nestorov J Topalović V Bjekić Macut J Panidis D Kastratović Kotlica B Papadakis E Matić G Vojnović Milutinović D . The influence of combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone on

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