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Ichelle Maa van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Boudewijn Bakker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Wassim Chemaitilly Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children’s Hospitalof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Endocrine disorders affect up to 60% of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) ( 1 ). Cancer, brain tumors and their treatments have been associated with a higher risk of deficiencies in growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone and sex

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Alexander Heinzel RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aachen, Germany

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Dirk Müller Institute for Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Hanneke M van Santen Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sarah C Clement Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Arthur B Schneider University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

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Frederik A Verburg Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Würzburg, Germany

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Introduction Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) who received radiation therapy to the cervical region (cranial/ cranio-spinal or chest) are at increased risk of developing differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) among other malignancies. Long

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V G Pluimakers Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M van Waas Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Erasmus MC–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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C W N Looman Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M P de Maat Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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R de Jonge Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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P Delhanty Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Huisman Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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F U S Mattace-Raso Section Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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S J C M M Neggers Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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diagnose and treat them in a timely fashion ( 9 ). Risk stratification in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) with the classic criteria for MetS components can be difficult. This is due to the underestimation of adiposity by waist circumference, waist

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Demi T.c. de Winter D de Winter, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Prinses Maxima Centrum voor Kinderoncologie BV, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Sebastian J.c.m.m. Neggers S Neggers, Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Mm van den Heuvel-Eibrink M van den Heuvel-Eibrink, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Prinses Maxima Centrum voor Kinderoncologie BV, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Jenneke E. van Atteveld J van Atteveld, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Prinses Maxima Centrum voor Kinderoncologie BV, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing (long-term) skeletal adverse effects, such as osteonecrosis, impaired bone mineral density, and fractures. This paper provides an overview of the current understanding of bone health in these survivors, examining whether it represents a significant concern. It focuses on the challenges of assessing and managing bone health in childhood cancer survivors, highlighting diagnostic pitfalls, methods for accurately identifying those at high risk, and suggested strategies for surveillance and management of osteonecrosis and impaired bone mineral density. The need for improved surveillance strategies, particularly for high-risk survivors, alongside potential prevention and management options, including pharmacological and lifestyle interventions, is emphasised. Given the lack of consensus on optimal prevention and treatment strategies, the paper emphasises the need for further research to optimise care and improve long-term outcomes for childhood cancer survivors with bone health impairments.

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J Gebauer Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck and Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany

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R Skinner Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology and Children’s BMT Unit, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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R Haupt DOPO Clinic, Department of Hematology/Oncolgy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy

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L Kremer Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC, Emma’s Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H van der Pal Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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G Michel Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Luzern, Switzerland

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G T Armstrong Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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M M Hudson Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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L Hjorth Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Paediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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H Lehnert Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

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T Langer Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany

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cancer survivors currently estimated at around 300,000–500,000 in Europe ( https://siope.eu/ ) and 450,000 in the United States ( https://curesearch.org/ ). Although the estimated number of 300,000 new cases of childhood cancer globally every year is

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Marilena Giannoudi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Satish S Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Khyatisha Seejore Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Harpal Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Adam Glaser Pediatric Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Georgina Gerrard Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Carmel Loughrey Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ahmed Al-Qaissi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ramzi Ajjan Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Julie Lynch Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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survival from childhood cancer has led to the recognition that exposure to multimodal cancer therapy is associated with an increased risk of long-term morbidity and late mortality. Late-onset adverse sequelae in childhood brain tumour survivors (SCBT

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Izabelle Lövgren Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Azadeh Abravan Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Abigail Bryce-Atkinson Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Marcel van Herk Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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system and improve the well-being of childhood cancer survivors. Table 1 Prevalence of intracranial paediatric tumours. Information from Dang & Philips ( 2 ). Tumour type Cell type Prevalence (%) Example Glioma Glial

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Anita Hokken-Koelega Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Aart-Jan van der Lely Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Berthold Hauffa University Children’s Hospital, Essen, Germany

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Gabriele Häusler Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Gudmundur Johannsson Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden

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Mohamad Maghnie Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Jesús Argente Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain

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Jean DeSchepper University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

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Helena Gleeson Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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John W Gregory Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Fahrettin Keleştimur Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

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Anton Luger Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden

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Hermann L Müller Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

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Sebastian Neggers University Children’s Hospital, Essen, Germany

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Vera Popovic-Brkic Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia

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Eleonora Porcu University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Lars Sävendahl Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stephen Shalet The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK

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Bessie Spiliotis University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece

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Maithé Tauber Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France

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deficiency (CO-GHD), those born small for gestational age (SGA), girls with Turner syndrome (TS), patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), and survivors of cancers treated during childhood was addressed and, specifically, the role for GH therapy in patients

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S C Clement Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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W E Visser Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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C A Lebbink Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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D Albano Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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H L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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A Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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R P Dias Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham Women’s, and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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M P Dierselhuis Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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I Dzivite-Krisane Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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R Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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A Garcia-Burillo Nuclear Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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L Izatt Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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C Kanaka-Gantenbein Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece

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H Krude Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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L Lamartina Department of Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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K Lorenz Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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M Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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R Navardauskaitė Department of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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M Negre Busó Nuclear Medicine Service - Institut de diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain

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K Newbold Thyroid Therapy Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, UK

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R P Peeters Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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G Pellegriti Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy

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A Piccardo Department of Nuclear Medicine, EO Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy

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A L Priego Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden, University medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A Redlich Pediatric Oncology Department, Otto von Guericke University Children's Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany

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L de Sanctis Regina Margherita Children Hospital - Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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M Sobrinho-Simões University Hospital of São João, Medical Faculty and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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A S P van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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F A Verburg Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Vriens Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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T P Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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S F Ahmed Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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End Results Program, the annual percent change in pediatric thyroid cancer incidence increased from 1.1% per year (1973–2006) to 9.6% per year (2006–2013) ( 1 ). The increasing incidence is likely the result of better detection of small and early

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Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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survivors of other childhood cancers, childhood brain tumor survivors are among those at highest risk of both cognitive and physical sequelae ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Endocrine complications are, however, some of the most frequent

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