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  • Pituitary and Hypothalamus x
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Julia Beckhaus Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
Division of Epidemiology and Biometry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany

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Maria Eveslage Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Brigitte Bison Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

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Carsten Friedrich Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany

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Hermann L Müller Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany

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KRANIOPHARYNGEOM Registry 2019, 36 out of 60 (60%) of the included patients were classified with hypothalamic syndrome ( 6 ). Obesity was present in 35% ( n  = 21) of these patients ( 6 ). Hypothalamic syndrome is also characterized by abnormal eating behavior such

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Yi Wang Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Yingying Xu Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Rongrong Xie Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

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Bingyan Cao Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Yuan Ding Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Jiayun Guo Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Xiaoqiao Li Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Xiaolin Ni Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Zheng Yuan Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Linqi Chen Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

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Liyang Liang Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Chunxiu Gong Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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significant difference between groups 1–3 in terms of rapid-onset obesity, central hypoventilation, and hypothalamic dysfunction. The incidence of abnormal emotion, cognition, and behavior was not reported in group 1, but it was lower in group 2 compared to

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J Van Schaik Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M Burghard Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Exercise Physiology, Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M H Lequin Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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E A van Maren Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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A M van Dijk Department of Dietetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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T Takken Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Exercise Physiology, Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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L B Rehorst-Kleinlugtenbelt Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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B Bakker Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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L Meijer Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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E W Hoving Division of Neurosurgery, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M Fiocco Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute of Mathematics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A Y N Schouten-van Meeteren Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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W J E Tissing Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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H M van Santen Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). Due to the fact that the hypothalamus plays an essential role in endocrine balance, nutritional habits, and body composition, HD may lead to hypothalamic obesity (HO) ( 5 , 6 ). In children with acquired brain damage, however

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Laura Chioma Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Carla Bizzarri Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Martina Verzani Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Daniela Fava Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mariacarolina Salerno Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Donatella Capalbo Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Chiara Guzzetti Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Laura Penta Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

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Luigi Di Luigi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy

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Natascia di Iorgi Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mohamad Maghnie Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Sandro Loche Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Marco Cappa Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Fernandois D Velasco I Rodriguez-Vazquez E Roa J Vazquez MJ Ruiz-Pino F Rubio M Pineda R Central ceramide signaling mediates obesity-induced precocious puberty . Cell Metabolism 2020 32 951 .e8 – 966.e8 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020

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Jiaxi Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Pu Huang Department of Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jing Xiong Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xinyue Liang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Mei Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Hao Ke Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chunli Chen Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yang Han Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yanhong Huang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Zhou Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ziqiang Luo Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Dandan Feng Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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gastrointestinal movement, induces gastric acid release, and produces antidepressants and other effects ( 4 ). In humans and rodents, plasma ghrelin increases during fasting and decreases during obesity. Plasma ghrelin levels also change dynamically under the

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I M A A van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J P de Graaf Dutch Pituitary Foundation, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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N R Biermasz Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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E Charmandari Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Introduction The hypothalamus is a key organ centrally located in the brain, linking the endocrine and the nervous systems, thereby being responsible for the homeostasis of the body. Impaired function of the hypothalamus, described as

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I M A A van Roessel Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J E Gorter Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands

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B Bakker Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M H Lequin Department of Radiology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J van der Lugt Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

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L Meijer Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

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A Y N Schouten-van Meeteren Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Heidelberglaan, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands

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), resulting in pituitary insufficiency, decreased energy expenditure, overweight and obesity, disturbed day–night rhythm, loss of initiative, hyperphagia, and behavioral problems ( 14 ). Overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors for impaired bone

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Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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children ( 11 ). Another caveat in interpreting the results of GH stimulation tests is that adult GHD itself is complicated by an increased susceptibility to central obesity. Obesity per se is a state of relative GHD ( 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ), and

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Julia Beckhaus Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
Division of Epidemiology and Biometry, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany

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Svenja Boekhoff Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany

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Katrin Scheinemann Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Center, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children’s Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Freimut H Schilling Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland

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Gudrun Fleischhack Pediatrics III, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany

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Gerhard Binder University Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Brigitte Bison Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

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Torsten Pietsch Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany

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Carsten Friedrich Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany

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Hermann L Müller Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany

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patients with hypothalamic involvement (HI) and/or treatment-related hypothalamic lesion (HL), the body mass index (BMI) increases during the first year after surgery, frequently resulting in morbid obesity ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). Severe obesity

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Vanderlan O Batista Division of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Michael Kellner Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany and Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Walter Lisboa Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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André Faro Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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Lucas B Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Enaldo V Melo Statistics division, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Cynthia S Barros-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Elenilde G Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Nathalie O Santana Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Keila R Villar-Gouy Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Ângela C Leal Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Rivia S Amorim Division of Geriatrics, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Davi A Oliveira Simões Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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). GH also has a protective effect on the central nervous system, with beneficial effects of GH therapy reported in patients with spinal cord injury. Accordingly in animal models GH appears to stimulate neurogenesis ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). However, brain

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