Search for other papers by Sarah Christine Sentis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rebecca Oelkrug in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jens Mittag in
Google Scholar
PubMed
specialized brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main thermogenic organ, providing a more long-lasting and sustainable source of converting stored energy into heat via non-shivering thermogenesis ( 2 ). Thus, BAT constitutes a potential anti-obesity drug target
Search for other papers by Florian W Kiefer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction There is now a large body of evidence – at least in rodents – that the actions of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) can protect against obesity and related complications ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). The
Search for other papers by Michaela Keuper in
Google Scholar
PubMed
catecholamine in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT): One mechanism proposes the inhibition of neuronal innervation. BAT-specific MΦ inhibit sympathetic neuronal innervation and thereby impair catecholamine signaling in BAT, while WAT innervation is not affected
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Search for other papers by Lianghui You in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Search for other papers by Yan Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yao Gao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xingyun Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xianwei Cui in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yanyan Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lingxia Pang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Search for other papers by Chenbo Ji in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xirong Guo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Search for other papers by Xia Chi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
. White adipose tissue (WAT) is specialized for the energy storage in form of triglyceride. In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses a large amount of uncoupling protein 1 ( Ucp1 ) in mitochondria ( 1 ). Experiments in mouse models have
Search for other papers by Hugo R Ramos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Córdoba, X5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Search for other papers by Andreas L Birkenfeld in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Adolfo J de Bold in
Google Scholar
PubMed
heart failure. cNP also exert other relevant metabolic actions on adipose tissue. Treating a human derived adipose cell line with ANP results in the uncoupling of cellular respiration (107) as well as ‘browning’ of white adipose tissue. The response
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Carlijn A Hoekx in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
Search for other papers by Borja Martinez-Tellez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Maaike E Straat in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Magdalena M A Verkleij in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Mirjam Kemmeren in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Sander Kooijman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for other papers by Martin Uhrbom in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Saskia C A de Jager in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Patrick C N Rensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Mariëtte R Boon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
(s) underlying the metabolic improvement associated with cold exposure remain unknown. A possible mechanism by which cold exposure improves metabolic health may be activating brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold exposure stimulates the release of norepinephrine
Search for other papers by Jing Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xuejie Yi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tao Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tingting Yao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Dongyang Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Guangxuan Hu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yongqi Ma in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bo Chang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shicheng Cao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). White adipose cells are round or oval and have a large lipid droplet in the center of each cell, accounting for approximately 90% of the cell volume. There are fewer mitochondria in adipose cells than in other cell types
Search for other papers by Hong-Fa Yan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zhao-Yu Liu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zhi-Ang Guan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chuang Guo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
-stained sections confirmed that iron-positive cells were distributed throughout the adipose tissues in all examined animals ( Fig. 4A ). Iron deposits were mainly located as brown granules in the adipocytic cytoplasm around the marginal nucleus and the interstitial
Search for other papers by Antonia Ertelt in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ann-Kristin Barton in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert R Schmitz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Heidrun Gehlen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
, consists mainly of adipocytes. White and brown adipose tissues in both horses and humans must be differentiated: the former tissue contains single lipid droplets and the latter contains numerous smaller droplets. In addition to serving as fat storage
Search for other papers by Erika Peverelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
Search for other papers by Federica Ermetici in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sabrina Corbetta in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ettore Gozzini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Laura Avagliano in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marco A Zappa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gaetano Bulfamante in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Paolo Beck-Peccoz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Spada in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Giovanna Mantovani in
Google Scholar
PubMed
PRKAR2B. Double immunostaining for Pref1 (red) and PRKAR2B (brown) was observed in the preadipocytes of the 14-week-old fetus. The adipose tissue of the 36-week-old fetus was mainly composed of mature adipocytes (Pref1−). Positive immunoreactivity for