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Sarah Christine Sentis Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Rebecca Oelkrug Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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specialized brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main thermogenic organ, providing a more long-lasting and sustainable source of converting stored energy into heat via non-shivering thermogenesis ( 2 ). Thus, BAT constitutes a potential anti-obesity drug target

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Florian W Kiefer Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Introduction There is now a large body of evidence – at least in rodents – that the actions of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) can protect against obesity and related complications ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). The

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Michaela Keuper Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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catecholamine in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT): One mechanism proposes the inhibition of neuronal innervation. BAT-specific MΦ inhibit sympathetic neuronal innervation and thereby impair catecholamine signaling in BAT, while WAT innervation is not affected

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Lianghui You Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yan Wang Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yao Gao Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xingyun Wang Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Xianwei Cui Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Yanyan Zhang Beijing Chaoyang Distirct Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China

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Lingxia Pang Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Chenbo Ji Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xirong Guo Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xia Chi Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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. White adipose tissue (WAT) is specialized for the energy storage in form of triglyceride. In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses a large amount of uncoupling protein 1 ( Ucp1 ) in mitochondria ( 1 ). Experiments in mouse models have

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Hugo R Ramos Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Córdoba, X5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Andreas L Birkenfeld Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Córdoba, X5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Córdoba, X5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Adolfo J de Bold Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Córdoba, X5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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heart failure. cNP also exert other relevant metabolic actions on adipose tissue. Treating a human derived adipose cell line with ANP results in the uncoupling of cellular respiration (107) as well as ‘browning’ of white adipose tissue. The response

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Carlijn A Hoekx Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Borja Martinez-Tellez Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain

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Maaike E Straat Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Magdalena M A Verkleij Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Mirjam Kemmeren Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Sander Kooijman Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Martin Uhrbom Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden

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Saskia C A de Jager Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Patrick C N Rensen Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Mariëtte R Boon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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(s) underlying the metabolic improvement associated with cold exposure remain unknown. A possible mechanism by which cold exposure improves metabolic health may be activating brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold exposure stimulates the release of norepinephrine

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Jing Li School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Xuejie Yi Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tao Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tingting Yao School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Dongyang Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Guangxuan Hu Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongqi Ma Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Bo Chang Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Shicheng Cao Department of Sports Medicine, School of Public and Basic Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). White adipose cells are round or oval and have a large lipid droplet in the center of each cell, accounting for approximately 90% of the cell volume. There are fewer mitochondria in adipose cells than in other cell types

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Hong-Fa Yan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhao-Yu Liu College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhi-Ang Guan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Chuang Guo College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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-stained sections confirmed that iron-positive cells were distributed throughout the adipose tissues in all examined animals ( Fig. 4A ). Iron deposits were mainly located as brown granules in the adipocytic cytoplasm around the marginal nucleus and the interstitial

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Antonia Ertelt Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Ann-Kristin Barton Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Robert R Schmitz Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Heidrun Gehlen Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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, consists mainly of adipocytes. White and brown adipose tissues in both horses and humans must be differentiated: the former tissue contains single lipid droplets and the latter contains numerous smaller droplets. In addition to serving as fat storage

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Erika Peverelli Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Federica Ermetici Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Sabrina Corbetta Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Ettore Gozzini Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Laura Avagliano Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Marco A Zappa Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Gaetano Bulfamante Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Paolo Beck-Peccoz Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Anna Spada Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Giovanna Mantovani Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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PRKAR2B. Double immunostaining for Pref1 (red) and PRKAR2B (brown) was observed in the preadipocytes of the 14-week-old fetus. The adipose tissue of the 36-week-old fetus was mainly composed of mature adipocytes (Pref1−). Positive immunoreactivity for

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