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Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Introduction Central precocious puberty (CPP) is defined as the premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) with the onset of breast development before 8 years of age in girls and an increase in testicular size in
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). The serum levels of kisspeptin in precocious puberty are inconsistent and this includes cases of premature thelarche (PT), which is defined as isolated budding of the breast in girls before 8 without other pubertal features. Additionally, there are
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France
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Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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was defined as absence of breast development at 13 years of age or absence of testes enlargement at 14 years of age ( 25 ). Primary amenorrhea was absence of menarche at 16 years of age. POI was defined by FSH level greater than 20 IU/L before 40 years
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Introduction The first physical signs of puberty in boys and girls are testicular enlargement and breast budding, respectively ( 1 ). Typically, these signs appear at 11–12 years of age in boys and at 9–10 years of age in girls ( 1 ). Several
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China . PLoS One 2013 8 e81294 . ( https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081294 ) 3 Isiklar Ozberk D Kutlu R Kilinc I Kilicaslan AO. Effects of mandatory salt iodization on breast milk, urinary iodine concentrations, and thyroid
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least two GH stimulation tests <10 ng/mL); (b) prepubertal stage (Tanner breast stage <B2/Tanner genital stage <2 and testicular volume <4 mL ( 18 , 19 )) at the onset of GH treatment; and (c) data on near adult height (NAH) (defined by a height
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc. Participants were physically examined by a researcher for pubertal stage at ages 9 and 12 years. The examination was based on secondary sexual characteristics according to Marshall and Tanner, that is, breast