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Teodoro Durá-Travé Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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María Malumbres-Chacon Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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Lotfi Ahmed-Mohamed Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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María Jesús Chueca -Guindulain Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Sara Berrade-Zubiri Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Introduction Central precocious puberty (CPP) is defined as the premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) with the onset of breast development before 8 years of age in girls and an increase in testicular size in

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Mei Li Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Yanfei Chen Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Binrong Liao Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Jing Tang Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Jingzi Zhong Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Dan Lan Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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). The serum levels of kisspeptin in precocious puberty are inconsistent and this includes cases of premature thelarche (PT), which is defined as isolated budding of the breast in girls before 8 without other pubertal features. Additionally, there are

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Isabelle Flechtner Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Magali Viaud Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Dulanjalee Kariyawasam Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Marie Perrissin-Fabert Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Maud Bidet Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Anne Bachelot Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Labrune Department of Pediatrics, APHP, Centre de Référence des Maladies héréditaires du Métabolisme Hépatique, Hopital Antoine Béclère and Paris Sud University, Clamart, France

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Pascale de Lonlay Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades, University Hospital, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Michel Polak Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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was defined as absence of breast development at 13 years of age or absence of testes enlargement at 14 years of age ( 25 ). Primary amenorrhea was absence of menarche at 16 years of age. POI was defined by FSH level greater than 20 IU/L before 40 years

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Maki Igarashi Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Tadayuki Ayabe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiko Matsubara Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Hatoko Sasaki Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Mayako Saito-Abe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Miori Sato Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Nathan Mise Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Akihiko Ikegami Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Masayuki Shimono Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Reiko Suga Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shouichi Ohga Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masafumi Sanefuji Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masako Oda Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroshi Mitsubuchi Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takehiro Michikawa Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shin Yamazaki Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shoji Nakayama Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Yukihiro Ohya Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Maki Fukami Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Introduction The first physical signs of puberty in boys and girls are testicular enlargement and breast budding, respectively ( 1 ). Typically, these signs appear at 11–12 years of age in boys and at 9–10 years of age in girls ( 1 ). Several

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Ning Yao Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Chunbei Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jun Xie Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Xinshu Li Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Qianru Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Chen Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Shuang Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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China . PLoS One 2013 8 e81294 . ( https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081294 ) 3 Isiklar Ozberk D Kutlu R Kilinc I Kilicaslan AO. Effects of mandatory salt iodization on breast milk, urinary iodine concentrations, and thyroid

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Thomas Reinehr Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children’s Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Martin Carlsson Endocrine Care, Pfizer Inc, New York, New York, USA

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Dionisios Chrysis Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Cecilia Camacho-Hübner Endocrine Care, Pfizer Inc, New York, New York, USA

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least two GH stimulation tests <10 ng/mL); (b) prepubertal stage (Tanner breast stage <B2/Tanner genital stage <2 and testicular volume <4 mL ( 18 , 19 )) at the onset of GH treatment; and (c) data on near adult height (NAH) (defined by a height

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Britt J van Keulen Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Conor V Dolan Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ruth Andrew Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Hilleke Hulshoff Pol Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Dorret I Boomsma Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost Rotteveel Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc. Participants were physically examined by a researcher for pubertal stage at ages 9 and 12 years. The examination was based on secondary sexual characteristics according to Marshall and Tanner, that is, breast

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