Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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more rapid feminisation with greater testosterone suppression and enhanced breast development ( 2 ), however, others raise concerns regarding breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk with the use of progestins ( 3 ). Due to a lack of evidence
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Introduction Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the mammary gland. It is the leading female malignant tumor, posing a major threat to women’s health globally. However, the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, including China
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Introduction For the treatment of breast cancer (BC), testosterone was already used extensively between the 1930s and 1960s with anecdotal tumour responses (especially in bone metastases) seen in up to 20% of treated women ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
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Introduction Estradiol is a key factor for tumorigenesis and prognosis of hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Although estradiol is produced mainly by the ovary in premenopausal women, the adrenal gland and adipocytes are also
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Introduction Survival after breast cancer has improved substantially worldwide over recent decades. Due to the high and increasing incidence of breast cancer in the developed world, the survivor cohort is big, and the possibility of long
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11 adults has diabetes and this ratio will be increased 1/10 in 2040. Type II diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, increases with changing cultural and social changes. Many years ago, breast cancer was found to be more common in diabetic
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Introduction Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease, representing about 1% of all breast cancers (BCs) and less than 1% of all cancers in men ( 1 ). Germline pathogenic variants in BC genes, particularly BRCA1 , BRCA2 and PALB2 genes
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common among women, affecting 25% of female population worldwide and more than a million new cases are diagnosed every year ( 1 ). Environmental components are considered serious risk factors, whereas
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common invasive neoplasia and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Over 2,000,000 cases are diagnosed annually worldwide, which represents the highest incidence of cancer
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Introduction Epidemiological studies strongly suggest an association between a higher intake of dietary fat and obesity with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moreover, obesity is characterized for an elevation of circulating free