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Fei Wu
Fei Wu
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yancheng City No. 1 People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Chaoming Mao
Chaoming Mao
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Xiao Mou
Xiao Mou
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Chengcheng Xu
Chengcheng Xu
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Tingting Zheng
Tingting Zheng
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Ling Bu
Ling Bu
Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
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Xuan Luo
Xuan Luo
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Qingyan Lu
Qingyan Lu
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
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Xuefeng Wang
Xuefeng Wang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Introduction Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a very common organ-specific autoimmune disease in which the Th1-mediated immune response contributes to the destruction of thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) ( 1 ). In recent years, many studies have
Zhengrong Jiang
Zhengrong Jiang
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Linghong Huang
Linghong Huang
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Lijun Chen
Lijun Chen
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Jingxiong Zhou
Jingxiong Zhou
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Bo Liang
Bo Liang
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Xuefeng Bai
Xuefeng Bai
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Lizhen Wu
Lizhen Wu
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Huibin Huang
Huibin Huang
Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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had not yet undergone treatment for thyroid disease or ophthalmopathy. The exclusion criteria included hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, infection, other autoimmune disease, tumours, a history of immunosuppressive therapy within the last year
Waleed K W Al-Badri
Waleed K W Al-Badri
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hinke Marijke Jellema
Hinke Marijke Jellema
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Arnaud R G G Potvin
Arnaud R G G Potvin
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ruth M A van Nispen
Ruth M A van Nispen
Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Peter H Bisschop
Peter H Bisschop
Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Peerooz Saeed
Peerooz Saeed
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Brosschot JF & Wiersinga WM . Involvement of stress in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease: a prospective study . Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 37 1191 – 1198 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.009 ) 70 Bastenie PA
Caihong Xin
Caihong Xin
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Lijuan Niu
Lijuan Niu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Huaying Fan
Huaying Fan
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Jing Xie
Jing Xie
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Xin Sun
Xin Sun
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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F Koukoulis GN Gourgoulianis KI & Daniil Z . Increased primary autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid antibodies in sarcoidosis: evidence for an under-recognised extrathoracic involvement in sarcoidosis? Hormones (Athens) 2012 11 436 – 443
Xiao-Shan Huang
Xiao-Shan Huang
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Ning Dai
Ning Dai
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Jian-Xia Xu
Jian-Xia Xu
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Jun-Yi Xiang
Jun-Yi Xiang
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiao-Zhong Zheng
Xiao-Zhong Zheng
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Tian-Yu Ke
Tian-Yu Ke
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Lin-Ying Ma
Lin-Ying Ma
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Qi-Hao Shi
Qi-Hao Shi
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Shu-Feng Fan
Shu-Feng Fan
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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inflammation of the thyroid in patients with HT. HT is a complex disease primarily mediated by autoimmune reactions at the cellular level, with apparent concurrent humoral autoimmune responses ( 18 ). CD8+ cytotoxic T cells directly damage thyroid cells
Hanneke J C M Wouters
Hanneke J C M Wouters
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Anneke C Muller Kobold
Anneke C Muller Kobold
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Thera P Links
Thera P Links
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gerwin Huls
Gerwin Huls
Department of Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Melanie M van der Klauw
Melanie M van der Klauw
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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autoimmune thyroid disease are at a significantly increased risk of additional autoimmune diseases. In a very large Italian cohort study, the use of levothyroxine was demonstrated to be strongly associated with DM and other autoimmune diseases like celiac
Xiaoya Zheng
Xiaoya Zheng
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Heng Xiao
Heng Xiao
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jian Long
Jian Long
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Qiang Wei
Qiang Wei
Prevention of Disease Department, Chongqing Jiulongpo District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Liping Liu
Liping Liu
Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Liping Zan
Liping Zan
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wei Ren
Wei Ren
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chiovato L Grasso L Pinchera A Vitti P . Thyroid ultrasonography as a tool for detecting thyroid autoimmune diseases and predicting thyroid dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2001 24 763 – 769
Bogumila Urgatz
Bogumila Urgatz
Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kris G Poppe
Kris G Poppe
University Hospital CHU Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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pregnancy . Clinical Endocrinology 2023 98 719 – 729 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14853 ) 31 De Leo S & Pearce EN . Autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy . Lancet. Diabetes and Endocrinology 2018 6 575 – 586 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Vera Schempp
Vera Schempp
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Katharina Förtsch
Katharina Förtsch
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bettina Gohlke
Bettina Gohlke
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Michaela Marx
Michaela Marx
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Joachim Woelfle
Joachim Woelfle
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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, GD, type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, alopecia, vitiligo, and idiopathic arthritis ( 13 , 21 ). The frequency of autoimmune thyroid disorders increases with age, affecting mainly females during adolescence ( 22 ). In patients with DS, the
Line Tang Møllehave
Line Tang Møllehave
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Marie Holm Eliasen
Marie Holm Eliasen
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ieva Strēle
Ieva Strēle
The Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Allan Linneberg
Allan Linneberg
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Nuclear Medicine Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Ludmila B Ivanova
Ludmila B Ivanova
Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zvonko Kusić
Zvonko Kusić
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Iris Erlund
Iris Erlund
Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Till Ittermann
Till Ittermann
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Endre V Nagy
Endre V Nagy
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jonathan Eli Arbelle
Jonathan Eli Arbelle
Division of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Aaron Milton Troen
Aaron Milton Troen
The Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Valdis Pīrāgs
Valdis Pīrāgs
Internal Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Lisbeth Dahl
Lisbeth Dahl
Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner
Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner
Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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João Jacome de Castro
João Jacome de Castro
Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mafalda Marcelino
Mafalda Marcelino
Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Simona Gaberšček
Simona Gaberšček
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Katja Zaltel
Katja Zaltel
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Manuel Puig-Domingo
Manuel Puig-Domingo
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lluis Vila
Lluis Vila
Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Juan Despi, Barcelona, Spain
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Sofia Manousou
Sofia Manousou
Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
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Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
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Helena Filipsson Nyström
Helena Filipsson Nyström
Department of Endocrinology, Specialist Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Michael Bruce Zimmermann
Michael Bruce Zimmermann
Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Karen R Mullan
Karen R Mullan
Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Jayne Valerie Woodside
Jayne Valerie Woodside
Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Henry Völzke
Henry Völzke
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Introduction Register-based data on treatments and diagnoses of thyroid disease can be used as proxies for thyroid disease frequency in a population. This has, for example, been successfully utilized in Denmark ( 1 ). In many European
