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Feifei Shao Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Xinxin Hu Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Jiayu Li Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Bona Bai Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Limin Tian Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Introduction The growing aging population and the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have become a substantial concern for healthcare systems worldwide. A study reported that the prevalence of diabetes peaks at the age of

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Yunyi Ding Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Siyao Lv Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Ruijie Xie Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Wei Ye Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Yichen Luo School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Yayu Li Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Ethics Review Committee, with all subjects providing their knowledgeable written consent. Our analysis initially included 35,706 participants. However, based on exclusion criteria, we excluded people under 20 years of age ( n  = 14,986), no weight or WC

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Marie Auzanneau Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Medical Faculty of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Alexander J Eckert Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Medical Faculty of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Andreas Fritsche German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Martin Heni Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Andrea Icks German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, Center for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

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Annabel S Mueller-Stierlin Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Hospital Ulm, Um, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University Hospital Ulm, Um, Germany

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Ana Dugic Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Medizincampus Oberfranken der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Bayreuth, Germany

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Alexander Risse Diabetes Center at Sophie-Charlotte-Platz, Diabetes Foot Unit, Berlin, Germany

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Stefanie Lanzinger Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Medical Faculty of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Reinhard W Holl Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Medical Faculty of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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hospitalized subjects in Germany in recent years, as well as in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19-pandemic. We, therefore, used the nationwide mandatory DRG statistics and compared the temporal trends by sex and age groups. Methods This analysis is

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Sarantis Livadas Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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Christina Bothou Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Isotope Therapy, University of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland

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Ralitsa Robeva Ushate ‘acad. IV. Penchev’, Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Andromahi Vryonidou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Jelica Bjekic Macut Department of Endocrinology, UMC Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ioannis Androulakis Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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Milica Opalic Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Zadalla Mouslech 1st Medical Propedeutic, Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Andrej Milewicz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Isotope Therapy, University of Medicine, Wrocław, Poland

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Alessandra Gambineri Department of Medical and Surgical Science-DIMEC Endocrinology Unit, University of Bologna – S. Orsola-Mapighi Hospital, Italy

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Dimitrios Panidis Gynaecological Endocrinology Infirmary of the Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Djuro Macut Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifaceted, ever-changing disease, constitutes a common disorder in women of reproductive age. The standard view is that during the first decades of reproductive life, hyperandrogenic symptoms

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Chaiho Jeong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bongseong Kim Department of Medical Statistics, Soongsil University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jinyoung Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hansang Baek Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Mee Kyoung Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Tae-Seo Sohn Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ki-Hyun Baek Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ki-Ho Song Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyun-Shik Son Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyungdo Han Department of Medical Statistics, Soongsil University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyuk-Sang Kwon Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Insurance System. In addition to this, an analysis was performed by age group classification. This big data study is expected to support the recommended LDL-C level in this population. Materials and methods Data sources The National Health

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Yanmei Lou Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yanyan Zhang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Ping Zhao Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Pei Qin Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Changyi Wang Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Jianping Ma Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaolin Peng Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Hongen Chen Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Dan Zhao Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Shan Xu Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Li Wang Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Ming Zhang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Dongsheng Hu Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Fulan Hu Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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secretion and hepatic and renal insulin sensitivity ( 11 ). Although age, sex, waist circumference, BMI, and weight changes may affect the predictive power of FPG levels for hypertension ( 12 ), FPG level is still identified as a significant risk factor for

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Chan Yang School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yadi Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Juan Li School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Xiaowei Liu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Jiangwei Qiu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Jiaxing Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Xiuying Liu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yuhong Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yi Zhao School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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International Diabetes Federation ( 2 ), the global crude prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20–79 years in 2021 was 10.5%, with approximately 537 million adults living with diabetes. Over the past four decades, the prevalence of diabetes in China has

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Xinge Tao Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Yanbin Xue Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Rui Niu Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Wenjing Lu Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Huayan Yao Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chunmei He Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Bin Cui Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Changqin Liu Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Key Laboratory for Clinical Efficacy and Evidence-Based Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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, especially among the young group ( 3 ). Early-onset T2DM, which often refers to those aged 18–40 years, has gained particular attention given its longer hyperglycemia exposure and more aggressive disease progression ( 4 , 5 ). Currently, in China, most of

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Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrão Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
University Centre of João Pessoa (UNIPE), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Daniele Carvalhal de Almeida Beltrão University Centre of João Pessoa (UNIPE), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Giulia Carvalhal Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil

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Fabyo Napoleão de Lima Beltrão Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, João Pessoa, Brazil

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Igor Motta de Aquino Metropolitan Hospital Dom José Maria Pires, Santa Rita, Paraíba, Brazil

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Thaíse da Silva Brito New Hope Medical School – FAMENE, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Barbara Costa Paulino Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Elisa Aires Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

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Diana Viegas Internal Medicine Department, rede UniFTC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

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Fabio Hecht The Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Bruno Halpern Weight Control Centre, Hospital 9 de Julho, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Liana Clebia De Morais Pordeus Postgraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Maria da Conceição Rodrigues Gonçalves Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

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Helton Estrela Ramos Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Department of Biorregulation, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health, Medical School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

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-19 outcomes ( 8 ). As an example, low lean mass and sarcopenia, although markers of frailty and aging, have also been independently associated with COVID-19 severity ( 9 ); importantly, obesity and sarcopenia can coexist in the same individual

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Zhiyan Yu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yueyue Wu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rui Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yue Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Shufei Zang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Liu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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families and society. Numerous risk factors for osteoporosis include obesity, advanced age, menopause, diabetes, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, low body weight, inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone, hypercalciuria, low insulin-like growth

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