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Anna C van der Burgh Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Samer R Khan Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Sebastian J C M M Neggers Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Ewout J Hoorn Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Layal Chaker Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition ( 1 ) and is often characterized by a decline in kidney function over time. Generally, a higher prevalence of CKD is found in women, while men with CKD have a higher

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Christos Tsatsanis Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece

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Angel Elenkov Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Irene Leijonhufvud Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Katerina Vaporidi Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Åsa Tivesten Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Aleksander Giwercman Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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hormones in immune responses and inflammatory diseases has been well established. Women are more prone to autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases than men ( 1 , 2 ). Several factors have been suggested as causes of the differences among men and women in

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Yasmin Shibli Abu Raya Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Asaf Bilgory Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Nardin Aslih Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Yuval Atzmon Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Maya Shavit Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Daniela Estrada Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Moamina Sharqawi Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel

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Einat Shalom-Paz Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Research Laboratory, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, The Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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of the embryo. This hormone is detected in the maternal circulation after implantation and as early as 9–10 days after ovulation ( 1 ) in spontaneous cycles. β-hCG is secreted from the cleaved embryo with 6–8 cells ( 2 ) and is expected to double

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Shiori Minabe Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan

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Kinuyo Iwata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Youki Watanabe Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Hirotaka Ishii Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Hitoshi Ozawa Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan

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Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation profoundly affects the intrauterine environment, leading to developmental programming in various organs and systems in the offspring ( 1 ). This concept, called the developmental

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Silvia Ciancia Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Basic and Translational Endocrinology (BaTE), Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Martine Cools Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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, AMAB). Some TGD adolescents experience this binary concept of gender as inappropriate and identify as non-binary or gender fluid ( 1 , 2 ). The prevalence of GD among adolescents is difficult to determine. Official reports from the United States

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Rafaella Sales de Freitas Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thiago F A França Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Sabine Pompeia Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction Adolescence is a period of life marked by an interconnected set of social, cognitive, psycho-emotional, and morphophysiological changes ( 1 ). The morphophysiological aspects of adolescent development are related to puberty, which

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Sebastian Franik Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathrin Fleischer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Barbara Kortmann Department of Pediatric Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Nike M Stikkelbroeck Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathleen D’Hauwers Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Claire Bouvattier Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, France

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Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland

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Solange Grunenwald Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France

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Tim van de Grift Departments of Plastic Surgery and Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Audrey Cartault Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Des Enfants, Toulouse, France

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Annette Richter-Unruh Kinderendokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitätsklinikum Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Kinderklinik, Bochum, Germany

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Nicole Reisch Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany

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Ute Thyen Klinik fur Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitat zu Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lubeck, Germany

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Joanna IntHout Department for Health Evidence, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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the dsd-LIFE group
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the dsd-LIFE group

greatest thanks to PD Dr Birgit Kohler (Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin), the principal investigator of the European consortium dsd-LIFE, deceased in March 2019. References 1 Bojesen A Juul S & Gravholt CH . Prenatal and postnatal

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Theodoros Karampitsakos Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ATTIKON University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fotini Kanouta Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ALEXANDRA University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Christos Chatzakis Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IPPOKRATEIO General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Athens, Greece

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Vassilios Bakoulas Athens, Greece

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Alexandros Gryparis Department of Speech and Language Therapy, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Petros Drakakis Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ATTIKON University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Djuro Macut Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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George Mastorakos Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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, syncytiotrophoblast, and decidua ( 1 , 2 ). Placental (pl) CRH is released into both maternal and fetal circulations (20-fold lower in the latter than in the former) ( 3 ). Placental, endometrial, and hypothalamic CRH are identical in structure ( 2 , 4 ). The

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Yufen Zhao College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Erge Namei College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Bingxue Yang College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Xiangnan Bao Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal, Hohhot, PR China
National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Industry, Hohhot, PR China

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Wei Sun Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal, Hohhot, PR China

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Gerile Subudeng College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Guifang Cao College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Haijun Li College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China

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Gui Wang Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction Research Center, Hetao College, Bayannur, PR China

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physiological function of mammalian follicles ( 1 , 2 ). Connexin 43 (CX43), encoded by the gap junction α-1 ( Gja1 ) gene, represents a major connexin widely expressed in mammalian follicles. CX43 homologous or heterologous gap junction channels formed between

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Sebastian Franik Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathrin Fleischer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Barbara Kortmann Department of Pediatric Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Nike M Stikkelbroeck Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathleen D’Hauwers Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Claire Bouvattier Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Paris, France

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Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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Solange Grunenwald Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

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Tim van de Grift Departments of Plastic Surgery and Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Audrey Cartault Department of Pediatrics, Hospital des Enfants, Toulouse, France

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Annette Richter-Unruh Kinderendokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitätsklinikum Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Kinderklinik, Bochum, Germany

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Nicole Reisch Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany

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Ute Thyen Klinik fur Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitat zu Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Joanna IntHout Department for Health Evidence, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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the dsd-LIFE Group
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Introduction Klinefelter syndrome (KS), caused by at least one additional X-chromosome in males (47,XXY), is one of the most common numerical chromosomal anomalies in men, with an estimated prevalence of 1–2 per 1000 men ( 1 ). Despite the

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