Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for other papers by Anna C van der Burgh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for other papers by Samer R Khan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sebastian J C M M Neggers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ewout J Hoorn in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for other papers by Layal Chaker in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition ( 1 ) and is often characterized by a decline in kidney function over time. Generally, a higher prevalence of CKD is found in women, while men with CKD have a higher
Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
Search for other papers by Christos Tsatsanis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
Search for other papers by Angel Elenkov in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Irene Leijonhufvud in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Katerina Vaporidi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Åsa Tivesten in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
Search for other papers by Aleksander Giwercman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
hormones in immune responses and inflammatory diseases has been well established. Women are more prone to autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases than men ( 1 , 2 ). Several factors have been suggested as causes of the differences among men and women in
Search for other papers by Yasmin Shibli Abu Raya in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Asaf Bilgory in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nardin Aslih in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yuval Atzmon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maya Shavit in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Daniela Estrada in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Moamina Sharqawi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, The Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Search for other papers by Einat Shalom-Paz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
of the embryo. This hormone is detected in the maternal circulation after implantation and as early as 9–10 days after ovulation ( 1 ) in spontaneous cycles. β-hCG is secreted from the cleaved embryo with 6–8 cells ( 2 ) and is expected to double
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
Search for other papers by Shiori Minabe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kinuyo Iwata in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Youki Watanabe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hirotaka Ishii in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
Search for other papers by Hitoshi Ozawa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation profoundly affects the intrauterine environment, leading to developmental programming in various organs and systems in the offspring ( 1 ). This concept, called the developmental
Search for other papers by Silvia Ciancia in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vanessa Dubois in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Martine Cools in
Google Scholar
PubMed
, AMAB). Some TGD adolescents experience this binary concept of gender as inappropriate and identify as non-binary or gender fluid ( 1 , 2 ). The prevalence of GD among adolescents is difficult to determine. Official reports from the United States
Search for other papers by Rafaella Sales de Freitas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thiago F A França in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sabine Pompeia in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Adolescence is a period of life marked by an interconnected set of social, cognitive, psycho-emotional, and morphophysiological changes ( 1 ). The morphophysiological aspects of adolescent development are related to puberty, which
Search for other papers by Sebastian Franik in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kathrin Fleischer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Barbara Kortmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nike M Stikkelbroeck in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kathleen D’Hauwers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Claire Bouvattier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Solange Grunenwald in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tim van de Grift in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Audrey Cartault in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Annette Richter-Unruh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicole Reisch in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ute Thyen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joanna IntHout in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by the dsd-LIFE group in
Google Scholar
PubMed
greatest thanks to PD Dr Birgit Kohler (Charite Universitatsmedizin, Berlin), the principal investigator of the European consortium dsd-LIFE, deceased in March 2019. References 1 Bojesen A Juul S & Gravholt CH . Prenatal and postnatal
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for other papers by Theodoros Karampitsakos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for other papers by Fotini Kanouta in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christos Chatzakis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vassilios Bakoulas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for other papers by Alexandros Gryparis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Petros Drakakis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, ARETAIEION University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Search for other papers by Djuro Macut in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by George Mastorakos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
, syncytiotrophoblast, and decidua ( 1 , 2 ). Placental (pl) CRH is released into both maternal and fetal circulations (20-fold lower in the latter than in the former) ( 3 ). Placental, endometrial, and hypothalamic CRH are identical in structure ( 2 , 4 ). The
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Yufen Zhao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Erge Namei in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Bingxue Yang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy Industry, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Xiangnan Bao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wei Sun in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Gerile Subudeng in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Guifang Cao in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Development Engineering of Autonomous Region Universities, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
Search for other papers by Haijun Li in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gui Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
physiological function of mammalian follicles ( 1 , 2 ). Connexin 43 (CX43), encoded by the gap junction α-1 ( Gja1 ) gene, represents a major connexin widely expressed in mammalian follicles. CX43 homologous or heterologous gap junction channels formed between
Search for other papers by Sebastian Franik in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kathrin Fleischer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Barbara Kortmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nike M Stikkelbroeck in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kathleen D’Hauwers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Claire Bouvattier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Solange Grunenwald in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tim van de Grift in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Audrey Cartault in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Annette Richter-Unruh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicole Reisch in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ute Thyen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joanna IntHout in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by the dsd-LIFE Group in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Klinefelter syndrome (KS), caused by at least one additional X-chromosome in males (47,XXY), is one of the most common numerical chromosomal anomalies in men, with an estimated prevalence of 1–2 per 1000 men ( 1 ). Despite the