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Hanna Karhapää Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Siru Mäkelä Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Hanna Laurén Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Marjut Jaakkola Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Camilla Schalin-Jäntti Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, University of Helsinki and HUS, Helsinki, Finland

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Micaela Hernberg Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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-cells, and activate T-cells to attack cancer cells. ICIs used to treat metastatic melanoma include anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) MAB, ipilimumab ( 1 ) and antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) MAbs, nivolumab and pembrolizumab

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Mark J C van Treijen Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Catharina M Korse Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Wieke H Verbeek Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Gastroenterology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Margot E T Tesselaar Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Gerlof D Valk Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, ENETS Center of Excellence, Netherlands Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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were considered to have PD. Results Of the 182 eligible patients, 132 were enrolled in the study ( Fig. 1 ). Clinical characteristics of the study population are illustrated in Table 1 . A total of 632 samples were collected in 132 patients

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Kazhan Mollazadegan Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Britt Skogseid Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Johan Botling Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Tobias Åkerström Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Barbro Eriksson Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Staffan Welin Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Anders Sundin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Joakim Crona Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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grading of panNENs ( 3 ), high-grade neoplasms were separated into two categories: well-differentiated (WD) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grade 3 (panNET-G3) and poorly differentiated (PD) NEC ( 4 ). PanNET-G3 frequently harbors mutations in MEN1 and

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Hélène Singeisen Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Mariko Melanie Renzulli Institute of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Vojtech Pavlicek Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Pascal Probst Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Fabian Hauswirth Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Markus K Muller Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Magdalene Adamczyk Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Achim Weber Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Reto Martin Kaderli Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Pietro Renzulli Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Introduction Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is a rare group of autosomal dominant disorders with a wide spectrum of endocrine and non-endocrine manifestations ( Table 1 ). Five different types of MEN have been described so far: MEN1, MEN2

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Ruth Percik Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel

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Sherwin Criseno Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Safwaan Adam Department of Endocrinology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Kate Young Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

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Daniel L Morganstein Department of Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

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used to describe the resultant long-term deficiencies of at least two anterior pituitary hormones (following exclusion of sick euthyroid or sick eugonadal states). Isolated ACTH deficiency Isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) is induced by PD-1 and PD

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Daniel Alexander Hescheler Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Milan Janis Michael Hartmann Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Burkhard Riemann Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany

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Maximilian Michel Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne Germany, Cologne, Germany

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Christiane Josephine Bruns Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Hakan Alakus Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Costanza Chiapponi Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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therapies under investigation  Atezolizumab  Bevacizumab  Cobimetinib  Vemurafenib  Paclitaxel  Nab-Paclitaxel  NCT03181100 Atezolizumab: PD-1L Bevacizumab: VEGFR Cobimetinib: MEK1, MEK2 Vemurafenib: BRAF V600E Paclitaxel: antimicrotubule agent Nab

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia

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Rikke Hjortebjerg Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jan Frystyk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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hypogonadism, it is associated with the development of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased cardiovascular disease risk ( 1 , 2 ). The metabolic syndrome is present in >50% of men receiving long-term ADT compared to 20% of matched

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Marilena Giannoudi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Satish S Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Khyatisha Seejore Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Harpal Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Adam Glaser Pediatric Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Georgina Gerrard Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Carmel Loughrey Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ahmed Al-Qaissi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ramzi Ajjan Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Julie Lynch Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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malignant brain tumours before the age of 15 years ( 1 ). Not dissimilar outcomes are observed in teenage and young adults (15–40 years), in whom 5-year survival approaches 68%. In contrast, considerably lower 5-year survival rates of up to 20% are observed

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Malgorzata Fuksiewicz Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Maria Kowalska Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Kolasinska-Cwikla Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Beata Kotowicz Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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patients and progression (PD) in 49 patients. In the study group, NSE levels were determined in 96 patients during treatment monitoring at 3 months and at 6 months after the first follow-up. The characteristics of the study group are presented in Table 1

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Anela Blažević Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Anand M Iyer Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Marie-Louise F van Velthuysen Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Johannes Hofland Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Peter M van Koestveld Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Gaston J H Franssen Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Richard A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Marina Zajec Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical & Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Theo M Luider Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical & Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Leo J Hofland Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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effect was enhanced when MAOI was used in combination with immune checkpoint anti-PD-1 treatment ( 24 ). Also, MAO-A promotes tumor-associated macrophages’ immunosuppressive functions via upregulation of oxidative stress which could be regulated by the

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