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the effects of IGF-1/insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway activation on immune function. IGF-1 affects the development and function of T and B lymphocytes and thyroid cells by binding the tyrosine kinase IGF-1R ( 29 ). In
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TSHR induces cross-talk with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) ( 10 ), which results in elevated levels of hyaluronic acid, leading to the disruption of the extraocular muscles ( 11 ). T cells bind to CD40 on orbital fibroblasts and induce
The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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, AP1317), rabbit anti-phospho-FGFR2 (Tyr463/Tyr466) (1:500, Bioss (Beijing, China), bs-5362R), rabbit anti-phospho-FGFR3 (Y724) (1:500, Abclonal, AP1274), rabbit anti-phospho-FGFR4 (Y642) (1:500, Cusabio (Wuhan, China), CSB-PA008250), mouse anti
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1R, and ESR2 (ERβ). (64) AR, androgen receptor; ESR2, estrogen receptor 2; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor type one receptor; PSA, prostate-specific antigen
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cells ( 16 ). Lately, it has been suggested that cross-talk between TSHR activated by TRAbs and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), which is overexpressed in the orbital connective tissue, plays a great role in the pathogenesis of this process
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( 1 , 2 ). Treatment choices for TED are based on the assessment of clinical activity and severity. Clinical activity score (CAS) is widely used to assess TED activity. However, there are limitations with this categorical CAS system ( 2 , 3 ). CAS is