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Nadia Sabbah Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Hôpital de Cayenne, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Cayenne, Guyane Française

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Peter Wolf Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Céline Piedvache Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Séverine Trabado Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Tristan Verdelet Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Catherine Cornu Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC1407/UMR5558, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Jean-Claude Souberbielle Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Paris, France

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Philippe Chanson Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Introduction IGF-1 measurement is important for the diagnosis and management of patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency or acromegaly as well as in their follow-up ( 1 , 2 ). We previously established normative data for six IGF-I assays

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Beverly M K Biller Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Margaret Boguszewski Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Felipe F Casanueva Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France

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Peter E Clayton Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Catherine S Choong Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia

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David Clemmons Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Mehul Dattani Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Jan Frystyk Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Ken Ho Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Andrew R Hoffman Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Reiko Horikawa National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Sebastian Neggers Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Irene Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France

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Daniel S Olsson Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sally Radovick Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Ron Rosenfeld Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Richard J Ross University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Katharina Schilbach Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Paulo Solberg Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Christian Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Peter Trainer The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Kevin C J Yuen Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Kerstin Wickstrom Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jens O L Jorgensen Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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factor-I (IGF-I). Both are used diagnostically; IGF-I is used to monitor the effects of GH replacement in GH deficiency (GHD), and both GH and IGF-I are used in the diagnosis and management of acromegaly. While serum IGF-I level is used as a surrogate

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P R van Dijk Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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S J J Logtenberg Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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K H Groenier Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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N Kleefstra Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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H J G Bilo Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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H J Arnqvist Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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the start of the s.c. and i.p. insulin treatment phases were respectively 83.7±31.9 and 76.3±24.5 μg/l. IGF1 and IGFBP1 concentrations Results obtained for the IGF1 and IGFBP1 measurements during the different treatment modalities are summarized in

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Urszula Smyczyńska Department of Automatics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

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Joanna Smyczyńska Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

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Maciej Hilczer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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Renata Stawerska Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

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Ryszard Tadeusiewicz Department of Automatics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

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Andrzej Lewiński Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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), in some of them also concentrations of IGF-I ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 13 ) and IGFBP-3 ( 7 , 9 ) have been processed. The most frequently used method of deriving models of GH therapy outcomes has been multiple linear regression (MLR) ( 6 , 7 , 10 , 11

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M Krause Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K Sundberg Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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F S Jørgensen Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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L N Jensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Nørgaard Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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C Jørgensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Ertberg Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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J H Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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U Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K T Drzewiecki Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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N E Skakkebaek Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A M Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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factor I (IGF-I) and its major binding protein: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3). IGF-I and IGFBP3 were both measured by a chemiluminescence immunoassay on the IDS-iSYS automated platform (Immuno Diagnostic Systems, IDS) at the

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Monika Bilic Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Huma Qamar Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Akpevwe Onoyovwi Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Jill Korsiak Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Eszter Papp Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Abdullah Al Mahmud Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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Rosanna Weksberg Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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Alison D Gernand Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jennifer Harrington Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

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Daniel E Roth Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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improve growth-related outcomes. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis includes several signal and binding proteins, many of which are under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-I is the primary regulator of fetal growth, and its circulating

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Werner F Blum University Children’s Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Abdullah Alherbish Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Afaf Alsagheir King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ahmed El Awwa Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar

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Walid Kaplan Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE

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Ekaterina Koledova Global Medical Affairs Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

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Martin O Savage William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK

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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF-I

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Mieke Van Hemelrijck
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Thurkaa Shanmugalingam
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Cecilia Bosco
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Wahyu Wulaningsih
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Sabine Rohrmann Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK

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's College London. References 1 Furstenberger G Senn HJ . Insulin-like growth factors and cancer . Lancet Oncology 2002 3 298 – 302 . ( doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00731-3 ). 2 Colao A . The GH–IGF-I axis and the cardiovascular system: clinical

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany

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Helena Gleeson Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Ana-Claudia Latronico Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Martin O Savage Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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of benefit) based on scientific evidence ( 5 ). IGF-I as a biomarker for GH status Many components in the blood are sensitive to GH and so could be candidate biomarkers for GH levels and, thus, be used to determine GH deficiency and the need for

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Elvira C Arellanes-Licea Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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José Ávila-Mendoza Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Elizabeth C Ramírez-Martínez Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Eugenia Ramos Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Nancy Uribe-González Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Carlos Arámburo Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Teresa Morales Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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Maricela Luna Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México

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://doi.org/10.1159/000262529 ) 21 Isgaard J Aberg D Nilsson M. Protective and regenerative effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on the brain . Minerva Endocrinologica 2007 32 103 – 113 . 22 Arce VM Devesa P Devesa J. Role of growth hormone (GH) in the

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