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Yanmei Lou Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yanyan Zhang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Ping Zhao Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Pei Qin Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Changyi Wang Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Jianping Ma Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaolin Peng Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Hongen Chen Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Dan Zhao Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Shan Xu Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Li Wang Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Ming Zhang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Dongsheng Hu Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Fulan Hu Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Chinese cohort. Materials and methods Participants This cohort analysis included adults aged 18–80 years who underwent a comprehensive health screening examination at Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital between 2009 and 2016. The participants were

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Wei Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yunke Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoling Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yu Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Mingxia Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Juan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Chen School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Dawei Shi School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Linong Ji Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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, the impact of these factors on blood glucose control could not be excluded. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in China is significantly lower than that in the Caucasian population, and there is no study focusing on the relationship between preserved C

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Li Qian Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Yuxiao Zhu Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Yan Luo Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Mu Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Liping Yu Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Yu Liu Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Tao Yang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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high sensitivity and specificity ( 7 ) to evaluate the prevalence of UBE2L3-Ab and eEF1A1-Ab both in Chinese Han and American Caucasian subjects with T1DM in comparison with healthy controls. Research design and methods The quantity and

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Chan Yang School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yadi Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Juan Li School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Xiaowei Liu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Jiangwei Qiu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Jiaxing Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Xiuying Liu School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yuhong Zhang School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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Yi Zhao School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

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International Diabetes Federation ( 2 ), the global crude prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20–79 years in 2021 was 10.5%, with approximately 537 million adults living with diabetes. Over the past four decades, the prevalence of diabetes in China has

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Chenyu Jiang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Mi Zhou Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Huai Bai Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Meng Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Chunyi Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Kaifeng Hu Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yujie Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Qingqing Liu Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yangyu Zhao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xinghui Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Ping Fan Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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, sedentary lifestyles, and advanced maternal age, the incidence of GDM is increasing throughout the world ( 1 ). The prevalence of GDM varies in different populations and ethnicities, which is 14.7% in China ( 1 , 2 ). GDM has serious adverse effects on both

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Xiaobing Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jiang Yue Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Qianjing Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Shengyun He Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Ying Dong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Ming Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Yicheng Qi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Minglan Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Wang Zhang Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Hua Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Qing Lu Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Obesity has become one of the greatest public health challenges nowadays. It is estimated that more than 50% of adults worldwide will be overweight or obese by 2030 ( 1 ). In China, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults

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Ziting Liang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Mengge Yang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Changjuan Xu Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Rong Zeng Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Liang Dong Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines ( 26 ). The protocol for the meta‐analysis is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021287378). Search strategy PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the China National

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Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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administration All animal experiments were approved by the Research Animal Care Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine and were conducted in accordance with the Provisions and General Recommendation of Chinese Experimental Animals Administration

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Ying Pei Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Rui Wang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Wanyu Chen Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shulin Yi Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Chen Huang Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shaochan Liang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Hongying Cao School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Yifei Xu Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China

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Bo Tan Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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therapeutic strategy in treating diabetic colonic motility disorders ( 19 ). In addition to the HFD, high-glycemic diet (HGD) intake, such as rice, is strongly linked to T2DM risk in China and the Asian region ( 20 ). HGD-related foods account for nearly 30

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Qian Deng Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Yue Zhu Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Mengmeng Zhang Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Aihua Fei Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Jiaqi Liang Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Jinjin Zheng Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Qingping Zhang College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Tong Cheng Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xia Ge Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province Youth Project (2008085QH391) and Technology talents Youth Project of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (2021qnyc09). Author contribution statement Writing—original draft preparation, Qian Deng

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