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Sidsel Mathiesen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kaspar Sørensen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Ifversen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jørgen Holm Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Klaus Müller Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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remaining 15 patients, 6 had compensated Leydig cell dysfunction. Figure 5 Testosterone and LH patterns in patients who were prepubertal at HSCT and had spontaneous onset of puberty ( n  = 20, panel A and B), and patients who were pubertal

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Britt J van Keulen Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Conor V Dolan Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ruth Andrew Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Hilleke Hulshoff Pol Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Dorret I Boomsma Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost Rotteveel Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Malendowicz LK . Effects of sex hormones on the steroidogenic activity of dispersed adrenocortical cells of the rat adrenal cortex. Life Sciences 1995 57 833 – 837. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)02015-b ) 24 Oyola MG Handa RJ

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Letícia Ribeiro Oliveira Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Carlos Alberto Longui Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Guilherme Guaragna-Filho Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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José Luiz Costa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rafael Lanaro Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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David Antônio Silva Laboratory of Physiology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Izabel Chiamolera Fleury Group, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maricilda Palandi de Mello Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics Engineering (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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André Moreno Morcillo Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Andrea Trevas Maciel-Guerra Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gil Guerra-Junior Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12610-016-0039-2 ) 18 Cailleux-Bounacer A Reznik Y Cauliez B Menard JF Duparc C Kuhn JM Evaluation of endocrine testing of Leydig cell function using extractive and recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin and

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Isabelle Flechtner Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Magali Viaud Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Dulanjalee Kariyawasam Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Marie Perrissin-Fabert Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Maud Bidet Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Anne Bachelot Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Labrune Department of Pediatrics, APHP, Centre de Référence des Maladies héréditaires du Métabolisme Hépatique, Hopital Antoine Béclère and Paris Sud University, Clamart, France

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Pascale de Lonlay Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades, University Hospital, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Michel Polak Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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initial gonadal pool of germ cells in rats . Human Reproduction 2003 18 276 – 282 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg058 ) 18 Menezo YJR Lescaille M Nicollet B Servy EJ Pregnancy and delivery after stimulation with rFSH of a galatosemia

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Mirjana Doknic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Marko Stojanovic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ivan Soldatovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia

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Tatjana Milenkovic Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vera Zdravkovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
University Children’s Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia

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Maja Jesic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
University Children’s Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sladjana Todorovic Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Katarina Mitrovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Rade Vukovic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia ‘Dr Vukan Cupic’, Belgrade, Serbia

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Dragana Miljic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Dragan Savic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Mihajlo Milicevic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Aleksandar Stanimirovic Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vojislav Bogosavljevic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sandra Pekic Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Emilija Manojlovic-Gacic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Aleksandar Djukic Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

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Danica Grujicic Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Milan Petakov Neuroendocrine Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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syndromes were classified as congenital (CONG) COGHD accounting for more than half of all included patients (86/170; 50.6%) ( Fig. 1 ). Patients with a history of cranial tumor, hematological malignancies, or pituitary TSH hyperplasia (non-tumoral TSH cell

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Lisette van Alewijk Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Kirsten Davidse Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Karlijn Pellikaan Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Judith van Eck Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anita C S Hokken-Koelega Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Academic Centre for Growth, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Theo C J Sas Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Diabeter, National Diabetes Care and Research Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Sabine Hannema Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Aart J van der Lely Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Laura C G de Graaff Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Academic Centre for Growth, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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bowel disease, sickle cell disease, kidney diseases or common endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus ( 5 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). For example, Monaghan et al. ( 22 ) provide an overview of best

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Ning Yao Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Chunbei Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jun Xie Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Xinshu Li Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Qianru Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Chen Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Shuang Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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–208)  Inadequately iodized b 361 (6.5) 239 (159–349)  Adequately iodized 5094 (91.9) 221 (150–312)  Excessively iodized 65 (1.2) 189 (119–261) Wilcoxon test was used to compare UIC between genders. Kruskal–Wallis test was

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Maki Igarashi Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Tadayuki Ayabe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiko Matsubara Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Hatoko Sasaki Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Mayako Saito-Abe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Miori Sato Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Nathan Mise Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Akihiko Ikegami Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Masayuki Shimono Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Reiko Suga Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shouichi Ohga Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masafumi Sanefuji Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masako Oda Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroshi Mitsubuchi Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takehiro Michikawa Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shin Yamazaki Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shoji Nakayama Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Yukihiro Ohya Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Maki Fukami Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(9570254-7 ) 18 Hobeika E Armouti M Kala H Fierro MA Winston NJ Scoccia B Zamah AM Stocco C . Oocyte-secreted factors synergize with FSH to promote aromatase expression in primary human cumulus cells . Journal of

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Min Yang Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xiangling Deng Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Shunan Wang Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Bo Zhou Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Wenquan Niu Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Zhixin Zhang International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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β-cell function, insulin resistance, glycemia, and type 2 diabetes in finnish men . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2017 102 443 – 450 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2933 ). 9 Yuan Y Zhou B Wang S Ma J Dong F

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Valentina Guarnotta Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Silvia Lucchese Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Mariagrazia Irene Mineo Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Donatella Mangione Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Renato Venezia Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Piero Luigi Almasio Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Carla Giordano Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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data were obtained from our databases: family history of diabetes, age of menarche, weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and Ferriman–Gallwey (FG) score. At the time of diagnosis of PP, girls were tested for FSH, LH, 17b-estradiol (E2), 17OH

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