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constituents, including nitric oxide and potent oxidants, in addition to nicotine and metals ( 10 ). The oxidants react with oxygen, increasing the generation of free radicals in intracellular redox cycling reactions, thus causing oxidative stress (OS) ( 11
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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a significant correlation (data not shown). Serum cortisol increases after cold exposure in the evening in males only Since cold exposure induces a stress response, we also compared the effects of cold exposure on circulating cortisol levels
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in addition to estrogen ( 24 , 25 ). Obesity raises the risk of CVD and shortens life expectancy, posing an inescapable challenge ( 26 ). Obesity-related oxidative stress potentially contributes to the development of vascular structural and
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
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Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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, often rendering them fearful of touching or handling their infants. Maternal oxytocin levels, important for mother-child bonding, are reduced by stress ( 21 ). Every effort should be made by healthcare professionals to support parents and promote parent