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. Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease . Endocrine Reviews 2009 30 586 – 623 . ( doi:10.1210/er.2008-0047 ). 11 Bae VL Jackson-Cook CK Maygarden SJ Plymate SR Chen J Ware JL
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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resorption ( 6 ). Finally, we studied the expression of insulin receptors ( INSR ), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors ( IGF1R ), and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors ( IGF2R ) in the parathyroid gland on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE
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functions in normal tissues and tumors, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of GEP NETs (2) . The IGF system consists of different IGF-related genes: two ligands (IGF1 and IGF2), two IGF receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two insulin receptors (IR
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Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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both. Primary defects in insulin signaling due to impaired insulin receptors or abnormal signal transduction are very rare disorders leading to diabetes with severe insulin resistance. The spectrum of clinical severity is related to the degree of
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). For the initial step of hepatic insulin extraction to occur, insulin receptors must be present and it is plausible, the total number of receptors available may influence extraction. By measuring insulin receptors on hepatic membranes Arner et al
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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(9, 10) . Clinical observations in patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus suggest that insulin may act as an anabolic agent in bone and preserve bone mass in humans (11, 12) . Insulin receptors have been detected in osteosarcoma cell lines and
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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because it is structurally modified ( 20 , 21 ). In addition to activating the insulin receptor cascade response, long-acting insulin analogs can also affect the IGF-1 receptor cascade response ( 22 ). And there is evidence from Alvaro’s study that IGF-1
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. Insulin signaling was impaired in skeletal muscle of male CG-IUGR To investigate the insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of male CG-IUGR, the protein and mRNA level of insulin receptor (IR)-β and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, two canonical
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as well as the brain ( 4 , 5 ). As insulin is released from the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels as a consequence of food intake ( 6 ), it crosses the blood-brain barrier and stimulates insulin receptors ( 7 ). There is growing
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Diabetes and Endocrine Units, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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, 18 ), with reduced activation of key signalling proteins such as insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1/2, protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and its downstream substrate Akt substrate 160KDa (AS160) ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). While similar defects in insulin stimulated