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Fernando Aprile-Garcia Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Antunica-Noguerol Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maia Ludmila Budziñski Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana C Liberman Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Eduardo Arzt Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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proinflammatory mediators in order to remove the damaging agent and restoring tissue function and structure (1) . Biologically, inflammation advances through several stages. At the cellular level there is a marked response to proinflammatory stimuli, and as a

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T L C Wolters Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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C D C C van der Heijden Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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N van Leeuwen Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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B T P Hijmans-Kersten Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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M G Netea Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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J W A Smit Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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D H J Thijssen Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

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A R M M Hermus Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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N P Riksen Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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R T Netea-Maier Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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and metabolic disturbances that cause hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in acromegaly patients ( 6 ). Interestingly, CVD is strongly associated with subclinical systemic inflammation ( 9 , 10 ). Vascular wall inflammation is an

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Justyna Modrzynska Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christine F Klein Department of Cardiology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Kasper Iversen Department of Clinical Medicine, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Henning Bundgaard Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Maike Mose Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Møller Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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GLP-1 exhibits cardio- and neuro-protection, together with inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis ( 6 ). An excessive inflammatory response can cause severe organ dysfunction ( 7 ). Increased blood glucose levels are frequently observed in septic

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Henrik H Thomsen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Holger J Møller Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Trolle Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Kristian A Groth Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anne Skakkebæk Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Christian Høst Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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have been linked to states of low-grade inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, liver disease, and atherosclerosis (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) , underscoring the important role of macrophages in initiating and propagating these conditions. Previously, we

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Helle Keinicke Insulin and Device Trial Operations, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Gao Sun Pharmacology and Histopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, China

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Caroline M Junker Mentzel Department of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Merete Fredholm Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Linu Mary John Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Birgitte Andersen Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Marina Kjaergaard Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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). Obesity is a central risk factor for developing NAFLD ( 4 ), and it is estimated that 39% of all adults worldwide are overweight and 13% are obese ( 5 ). NASH is a further deterioration from the steatosis characteristic of NAFLD accompanied by inflammation

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Ling Zhou Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Ruixue Zhang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Shuangyan Yang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Yaguang Zhang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Dandan Shi Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is one of the most effective components of stragalus membranaceus , and AS-IV is reported to have a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-hypertension, as well as improving immunity

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Geneviève Drifte Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Irène Dunn-Siegrist Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Jérôme Pugin Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sepsis (28) . FGF21 can also reduce the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice (29) , further indicating that FGF21 could modulate inflammation. These findings highlight the possible role of FGF21 as a

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Jane Fletcher Nutrition Nurses, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Emma L Bishop Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Stephanie R Harrison Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Amelia Swift School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sheldon C Cooper Gastroenterology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sarah K Dimeloe Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Karim Raza Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Martin Hewison Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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challenge, the sustained presence of these cells may lead to unregulated inflammation. It has therefore been proposed that a key immune function of 1,25D is to moderate the magnitude of inflammatory adaptive immune responses, thereby limiting potentially

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Zhiwei Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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Hui Zhao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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Aixia Wang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China

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). Inflammation and oxidative stress are two common targets for therapies against GDM. Placental inflammation and GDM have been closely correlated, and both of them play essential roles in shaping the fetal environment ( 14 ). Inflammation is highly regulated in

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Liangming Li Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuan Wei Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Chunlu Fang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Shujing Liu Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Fu Zhou Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Ge Zhao Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yaping Li Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuan Luo Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Ziyi Guo Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Weiqun Lin Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China

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Wenqi Yang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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that adipose tissue fibrosis is strongly associated with inflammation. Adipose tissue inflammation causes insulin resistance, which in turn promotes inflammation ( 10 ). Adipose tissue mRNA levels of pro-fibrotic genes were positively correlated with

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