Simona Censi
Simona Censi
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Laura Salmaso
Laura Salmaso
Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy
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Filippo Ceccato
Filippo Ceccato
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Jacopo Manso
Jacopo Manso
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Ugo Fedeli
Ugo Fedeli
Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy
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Mario Saia
Mario Saia
Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy
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Caterina Mian
Caterina Mian
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is caused by an inappropriately high secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism has a prevalence ranging from 0.4 to 2.5% in iodine sufficient parts of the world ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), the
Shi-en Fu
Shi-en Fu
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Rou-mei Wang
Rou-mei Wang
Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Xing-huan Liang
Xing-huan Liang
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Jing Xian
Jing Xian
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Jie Pan
Jie Pan
Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Xue-lan Chen
Xue-lan Chen
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Cheng-cheng Qiu
Cheng-cheng Qiu
Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Zhi-ping Tang
Zhi-ping Tang
Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Ying-fen Qin
Ying-fen Qin
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Hai-yan Yang
Hai-yan Yang
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Li-li Huang
Li-li Huang
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Ya-qi Kuang
Ya-qi Kuang
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Yan Ma
Yan Ma
Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Zuo-jie Luo
Zuo-jie Luo
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is described as thyrotoxicosis caused by inappropriately high synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones ( 1 ). The etiology of hyperthyroidism is classified into 12 categories, such as Graves’ disease (GD), toxic
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Vera Schempp
Vera Schempp
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Katharina Förtsch
Katharina Förtsch
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bettina Gohlke
Bettina Gohlke
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Michaela Marx
Michaela Marx
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Joachim Woelfle
Joachim Woelfle
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is the primary aetiology of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents, with a prevalence of about 1 in 10,000 ( 1 ). Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in nearly 1
Caiyan Mo
Caiyan Mo
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Tao Tong
Tao Tong
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ying Guo
Ying Guo
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zheng Li
Zheng Li
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liyong Zhong
Liyong Zhong
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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population ( 2 ). Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak between the ages of 30 and 50. The binding of thyroid
Waleed K W Al-Badri
Waleed K W Al-Badri
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hinke Marijke Jellema
Hinke Marijke Jellema
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Arnaud R G G Potvin
Arnaud R G G Potvin
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ruth M A van Nispen
Ruth M A van Nispen
Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Peter H Bisschop
Peter H Bisschop
Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Peerooz Saeed
Peerooz Saeed
Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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hyperthyroidism, most frequently caused by Graves’ disease (GD), 10% of GO patients are hypothyroid, and 5% are euthyroid ( 2 ). Among GD patients, 20–50% develop ophthalmopathy, making GO the most prominent extrathyroidal manifestation of GD ( 3 ). Besides
Brenda Anguiano
Brenda Anguiano
Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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Carlos Montes de Oca
Carlos Montes de Oca
Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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Evangelina Delgado-González
Evangelina Delgado-González
Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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Carmen Aceves
Carmen Aceves
Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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prostate weight ( 25 ). On the other hand, the effects of excessive THs on the prostate have been less studied. Figure 1 shows that hyperthyroidism induced during puberty increases testosterone levels but paradoxically reduces prostate weight in adult
Yuegui Wang
Yuegui Wang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Liwei Hong
Liwei Hong
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Caiyun Yang
Caiyun Yang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Guorong Lv
Guorong Lv
School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Kangjian Wang
Kangjian Wang
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Xuepeng Huang
Xuepeng Huang
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Haolin Shen
Haolin Shen
Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
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Introduction The prevalence of hyperthyroidism is about 1.2% ( 1 , 2 ). Graves’ disease (GD) accounts for 70–85% of the cases ( 3 , 4 ). The manifestations of GD consist of signs and symptoms of systemic hypermetabolism, diffuse goiter, and
Xin He
Xin He
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Qin Yan
Qin Yan
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Chazhen Liu
Chazhen Liu
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Zhengyuan Wang
Zhengyuan Wang
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Ping Liao
Ping Liao
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Tong Liu
Tong Liu
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Zehuan Shi
Zehuan Shi
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Qi Song
Qi Song
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Xueying Cui
Xueying Cui
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Wenjing Wang
Wenjing Wang
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Jiajie Zang
Jiajie Zang
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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gestational age ( 10 , 11 ). Overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a high risk of light birth weight or SGA births ( 11 ). Mild thyroid dysfunction, which is more prevalent than overt hypothyroidism, is associated with SGA and LGA according to some
W J Bom
W J Bom
Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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F B M Joosten
F B M Joosten
Department of Radiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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M M G J van Borren
M M G J van Borren
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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E P Bom
E P Bom
Department of Radiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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R R J P van Eekeren
R R J P van Eekeren
Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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H de Boer
H de Boer
Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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hyperthyroidism (<1%) ( 10 , 15 ). Severe adverse effects such as persistent laryngeal nerve injury and brachial plexus injury have been described but are extremely rare. Because of these observations and the very high benefit-risk ratio, RFA is emerging as an
Till Ittermann
Till Ittermann
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Marcello R P Markus
Marcello R P Markus
Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jens-Peter Kühn
Jens-Peter Kühn
Institute of Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University, Dresden, Germany
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Marie-Luise Kromrey
Marie-Luise Kromrey
Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Giovanni Targher
Giovanni Targher
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Antje Steveling
Antje Steveling
Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Matthias Nauck
Matthias Nauck
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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Henry Völzke
Henry Völzke
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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hepatic iron overload together. An association between thyroid function and hepatic iron overload may be plausible because previous studies showed increased serum ferritin levels in individuals with hyperthyroidism ( 11 , 12 ), even though this finding
