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Jiayang Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Peizhen Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xueyun Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Dan Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jianfang Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Deying Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yajuan Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Bingyan Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Chensihan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaoyu Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lijing Jia Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huijie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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hormone status correlates with body weight and energy expenditure ( 5 , 6 ). Hyperthyroidism is a condition that excess thyroid hormone promotes a hypermetabolic state characterized by increased energy expenditure, weight loss, reduced cholesterol

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Simona Censi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Laura Salmaso Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Filippo Ceccato Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy

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Ugo Fedeli Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Mario Saia Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is caused by an inappropriately high secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism has a prevalence ranging from 0.4 to 2.5% in iodine sufficient parts of the world ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), the

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Shih-Rong Lin Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

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Shih-Fen Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan

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Yu-Cih Yang Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

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Chung-Y Hsu Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

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Yu-Chih Shen Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Department of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which excess thyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland. The prevalence of symptomatic hyperthyroidism is approximately 0.5% and varies geographically ( 1 ). In Taiwan, the

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Thera P Links Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Trynke van der Boom Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Wouter T Zandee Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Joop D Lefrandt Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Introduction Thyroid hormones and the cardiac system are closely related. This is illustrated by the fact that most characteristics and common symptoms of hyperthyroidism − such as palpitations, excitability, and perspiration − are the result

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Xichang Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaochun Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Chenyan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Yaxin Lai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Thyrotoxicosis refers to a clinical increase in serum thyroid hormones, including hyperthyroidism, thyroid destruction induced by thyroiditis and excessive intake of exogenous thyroid hormone ( 1 ). There are many types of

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Marek Niedziela Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher’s Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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target tissues, such as hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and Graves’ disease, are given prior to further description of the management of these challenging thyroid states. Hyperthyroidism (in Latin: hyperthyreosis ) is a medical condition in which

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is the clinical state that results from an excessive production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). It is a signature of the disease that the incidence of the different subtypes of hyperthyroidism

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Lauren Bell Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Ann Louise Hunter Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Angelos Kyriacou Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus

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Annice Mukherjee Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Akheel A Syed Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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gonadotrophin (hCG) ( 4 ), and TSH-producing pituitary adenomas. Graves’ disease, the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism, has an annual incidence of 20–50 per 100,000 population, a peak incidence between 30 and 50 years of age, and a lifetime risk of 3% for

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Jakob Kirkegård Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Surgery (Section for Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Dora Körmendiné Farkas Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Deirdre P Cronin-Fenton Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Introduction Iodothyronines secreted from the thyroid gland – in particular triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – are vital to the regulation of genes associated with cell metabolism and cell growth ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism and

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Suvanjaa Sivalingam Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark

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Marianne Thvilum Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Thomas Heiberg Brix Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

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Frans Brandt Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark
Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a common condition with a lifetime risk of 2–10% ( 1 , 2 ). Graves’ disease (GD) and toxic nodular goitre (TNG) are the most frequent causes of hyperthyroidism ( 2 ). GD is an organ specific autoimmune disease

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