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hormone status correlates with body weight and energy expenditure ( 5 , 6 ). Hyperthyroidism is a condition that excess thyroid hormone promotes a hypermetabolic state characterized by increased energy expenditure, weight loss, reduced cholesterol
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Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is caused by an inappropriately high secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism has a prevalence ranging from 0.4 to 2.5% in iodine sufficient parts of the world ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), the
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Department of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which excess thyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland. The prevalence of symptomatic hyperthyroidism is approximately 0.5% and varies geographically ( 1 ). In Taiwan, the
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Introduction Thyroid hormones and the cardiac system are closely related. This is illustrated by the fact that most characteristics and common symptoms of hyperthyroidism − such as palpitations, excitability, and perspiration − are the result
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Introduction Thyrotoxicosis refers to a clinical increase in serum thyroid hormones, including hyperthyroidism, thyroid destruction induced by thyroiditis and excessive intake of exogenous thyroid hormone ( 1 ). There are many types of
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target tissues, such as hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and Graves’ disease, are given prior to further description of the management of these challenging thyroid states. Hyperthyroidism (in Latin: hyperthyreosis ) is a medical condition in which
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is the clinical state that results from an excessive production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). It is a signature of the disease that the incidence of the different subtypes of hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
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Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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gonadotrophin (hCG) ( 4 ), and TSH-producing pituitary adenomas. Graves’ disease, the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism, has an annual incidence of 20–50 per 100,000 population, a peak incidence between 30 and 50 years of age, and a lifetime risk of 3% for
Department of Surgery (Section for Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Introduction Iodothyronines secreted from the thyroid gland – in particular triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – are vital to the regulation of genes associated with cell metabolism and cell growth ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism and
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a common condition with a lifetime risk of 2–10% ( 1 , 2 ). Graves’ disease (GD) and toxic nodular goitre (TNG) are the most frequent causes of hyperthyroidism ( 2 ). GD is an organ specific autoimmune disease