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increased risk of fracture, due to alterations in bone density and bone quality ( 19 ). Osteoporosis in subjects with KS: definition and prevalence Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the standard technique to measure bone mineral density (BMD
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-puberty, with subsequent temporary increased risk of fractures ( 23 ). A higher prevalence of fractures has been reported in males ( 24 ). While serum levels of sex hormones and IGF-1 progressively increase during successive pubertal stages, the concomitant
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), Cross-sectional study TU/TE/oral 52 men with hypogonadism (Klinefelter) 1 year 44–48% had osteopenia, 6–14% osteoporosis. No fractures reported. Von Eckardstein 2002 (39), Phase 2 study TU/none 7 men with hypogonadism 2.8 years
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syndrome are some factors that potentially decrease BMD. A Danish registry study found an eight-fold increased risk of osteoporosis and a 1.4-fold increased risk of fractures ( 8 ). Assessing BMD using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed
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hypogonadism and HRT use, type of HRT use, vitamin D status, estrogen, and androgen levels, history of bone fractures and family history of osteoporosis. Furthermore, in addition to the lack of a healthy control group in our study, there is also no population
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found diminished bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of vertebral fractures in subjects with Klinefelter syndrome ( 18 , 19 , 20 ). Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) increases BMD in men with Klinefelter syndrome ( 21 , 22 ), but there
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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-related (spine, hip, and forearm) fractures ( 28 , 29 ) has been reported, and in a recent study on 87 adults with KS by Vena et al., a high prevalence of symptomatic vertebral fractures independent of BMD was found ( 40 ). Thus, an impaired BMC poses a
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.58–2.82) and, respectively. However, MHT was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43–0.92) hip (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45–0.98) and total fractures (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.69–0.85) ( 42 ). Notably, when the final results of WHI-1 were
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Artzouchaltzi AM Christou K Paschou SA Potoupnis M Kenanidis E Tsiridis E Association between age at menopause and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Endocrine 2019 63 213 – 224 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020