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Rosalie Cabry Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Philippe Merviel Brest University, Brest, Bretagne, France

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Aicha Madkour Mohammed V University of Rabat, Reproductive Medicine, Rabat, Morocco

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Elodie Lefranc Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Florence Scheffler Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Rachel Desailloud Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Véronique Bach Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Moncef Benkhalifa Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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, benomyl, and mancozeb Pyrethroids , such as permethrin Triazines , such as atrazine Many pesticides are known to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), defined as ‘exogenous agents, that are potentially capable of synthesis, secretion

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Shane M Regnier Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Andrew G Kirkley University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Ruiz Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Wakanene Kamau University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Qian Wu Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Kurunthachalam Kannan Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Robert M Sargis Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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in a diet enriched in saturated and trans fats as well as simple carbohydrates that promote the development of obesity and diabetes ( 7 , 8 ). Recently, exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been implicated as novel metabolic

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Urszula Grabiec Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kathrin Falk Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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was found for an adverse impact on human health due to environmental agents, such as phthalates ( 6 ). Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) has belonged to the most abundant phthalates in industry and consumer goods for many years acting as an endocrine-disrupting

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Kristian Almstrup Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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well as in exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Several studies have been able to associate urinary levels of several EDCs, with the age at pubertal onset ( 5 , 6 ). Especially non-persistent phthalates and phenols have been investigated

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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DOHaD ( 17 ). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals The endocrine system ultimately modulates function in tissues that regulate weight and metabolism. Endocrine hormones such as insulin, thyroid hormone, estrogens, and androgens are well known to

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André Marques-Pinto Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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able to disrupt the closed feedback loops of the hormonal and homeostatic systems, thus being named endocrine disruptors (EDs) (7) . The group of known ED is extremely heterogeneous. It embraces ubiquitous synthetic substances used as industrial

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M Axelstad Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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U Hass Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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M Scholze Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK

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S Christiansen Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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A Kortenkamp Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK

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J Boberg Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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certain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Numerous EDCs are present in our environment, and EDCs are suspected of playing a role in testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) in humans. This syndrome encompasses a range of male disorders, presumed to have

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Maurício Martins da Silva Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Lueni Lopes Felix Xavier Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Carlos Frederico Lima Gonçalves Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Ana Paula Santos-Silva Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Francisca Diana Paiva-Melo Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Mariana Lopes de Freitas Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Rodrigo Soares Fortunato Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Leandro Miranda-Alves Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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). BPA is an endocrine disruptor, being considered a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) ( 4 , 5 ), with important effects on reproductive function ( 4 , 6 ). Besides that, BPA was shown to have positive association with serum TSH ( 7 ) and

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M Krause Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K Sundberg Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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F S Jørgensen Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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L N Jensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Nørgaard Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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C Jørgensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Ertberg Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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J H Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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U Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K T Drzewiecki Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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N E Skakkebaek Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A M Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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prevalent human exposure to UV filters is of concern as several of these chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties demonstrated in in vitro animal and human studies ( 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). We recently investigated the

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Amalie Carlsson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kaspar Sørensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
The Child and Youth Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Concerns have been raised that man-made chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) may have endocrine properties in humans. These potential endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) are widely used in modern societies, and the

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