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Thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in the development and function of the male reproductive system, but their effects on the prostate have been poorly studied. This work reviews studies related to the interrelationship between the thyroid and the prostate. The information presented here is based upon bibliographic searches in PubMed using the following search terms: prostate combined with thyroid hormone or triiodothyronine, thyroxine, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or deiodinase. We identified and searched 49 articles directly related to the issue, and discarded studies related to endocrine disruptors. The number of publications has grown in the last 20 years, considering that one of the first studies was published in 1965. This review provides information based on in vitro studies, murine models, and clinical protocols in patients with thyroid disorders. Studies indicate that THs regulate different aspects of growth, metabolism, and prostate pathology, whose global effect depends on total and/or free concentrations of THs in serum, local bioavailability, and the endocrine androgen/thyronine context.
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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://www.helsenorge.no/kosthold-og-ernaring/sma-grep-for-et-sunt-kosthold/derfor-trenger-vi-jod ). Although increasing iodine in diet may reduce the use of thyroid therapy in the pregnant population, endocrine disruptors could inhibit the uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland. Furthermore, experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that a wide
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expression and may act as a potential endocrine disruptor. However, future studies should assess different E2 effects on thyroid hormone levels, evaluate the side effects, and look for the appropriate dosage of estrogen therapy in in vivo experiments. A
