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Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nicole G Jaff Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Shane A Norris SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Marketa Toman Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nigel J Crowther Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Africa. BT20 plus is supported by the Wellcome Trust and Gates Foundation. S A N is supported by the DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Author contribution statement

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Xiaohui Qi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ping He Shanghai Hospital Link Center, Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China

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Huayan Yao Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Huanhuan Sun Wonders Information Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China

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Jiying Qi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Min Cao Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Bin Cui Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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shown that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are involved in the development and progression of malignancies ( 9 , 10 ). Insulin has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer sites, such as the liver, pancreas

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Xiaohui Weng School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai, China

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Gehong Li School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Ziwei Liu Department of endocrinology, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Rui Liu Department of VIP Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Zhaoyang Liu Digital Intelligent Cockpit Department, Intelligent Connected Vehicle Development Institute, China FAW Group Co LTD, Changchun, China

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Songyang Wang Digital Intelligent Cockpit Department, Intelligent Connected Vehicle Development Institute, China FAW Group Co LTD, Changchun, China

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Shishun Zhao School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Xiaotong Ma School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Zhiyong Chang Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai, China
College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China

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conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51875245), the Science-Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin

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Nobuo Matsuura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Tadashi Kaname Department of Genome Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Norio Niikawa Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshihide Ooyama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Osamu Shinohara Shinohara Child Clinic, Machida, Japan

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Yukifumi Yokota Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Shigeyuki Ohtsu Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Noriyuki Takubo Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Kazuteru Kitsuda Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Keiko Shibayama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Fumio Takada Department of Medical Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan

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Akemi Koike Miyanosawa Child Clinic, Sapporo, Japan

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Hitomi Sano Department of Pediatric, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshiya Ito Department of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Collage of Nursing, Kitami, Japan

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Kenji Ishikura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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JC Rothenbuhler A Lingart A . Progressive development of PTH resistance in patients with inactivating mutations on the maternal allele of GNAS . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2017 102 1844 – 1850 . ( https://doi.org/10

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Weiwei He School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Caoxin Huang Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Xiulin Shi Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Menghua Wu School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Han Li School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Qiuhong Liu School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Xiaofang Zhang Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Yan Zhao Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China

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Xuejun Li Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Diabetes, Xiamen, China
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Xiamen Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Center, Xiamen, China

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imbalance between ECM synthesis and degradation can lead to the development of liver fibrosis ( 16 , 17 , 18 ). Activation of the HSCs is currently regarded as a central event in liver fibrosis ( 19 , 20 ). Studies over the last two decades have shown

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Qian Deng Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Yue Zhu Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Mengmeng Zhang Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Aihua Fei Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Jiaqi Liang Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Jinjin Zheng Graduate College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Qingping Zhang College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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Tong Cheng Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xia Ge Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China

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observations demonstrated that the activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 axis could protect β cells from ferroptosis. Collectively, the occurrence and development of diabetes may be tightly associated with ferroptosis. Overview of ferroptosis Ferroptosis is an

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Ying Pei Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Rui Wang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Wanyu Chen Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shulin Yi Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Chen Huang Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shaochan Liang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Hongying Cao School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Yifei Xu Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China

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Bo Tan Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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intestinal motility ( 13 ). The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in ENS development and physiological function ( 14 ). Germ-free mice exhibited abnormalities in ENS morphology and activity ( 15 ). The interaction between gut microbiota and ENS has been

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Yang Yu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Hairong Hao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Linghui Kong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Jie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Feng Bai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Fei Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Pan Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Rui Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Wen Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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development of metabolic diseases, but the causal relationship and mechanism between BCAAs and cardiometabolic diseases are still not fully understood. In this study, the elevation of BCAAs occurred earlier than other metabolic disorders. To better reveal the

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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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, retatrutide was demonstrated in obese people to reduce body weight by up to 24.2% over 48 weeks ( 12 ). In addition, dual agonists, combining GLP1 and glucagon receptor activation are currently under development, of which survodutide (BI 456906) was shown to

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Annalisa Blasetti Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Valeria Castorani Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Nella Polidori Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Ilaria Mascioli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Francesco Chiarelli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Cosimo Giannini Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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anthropometric development in children with T1D ( 1 , 2 ). The Mauriac syndrome, characterized by growth failure and hepatomegaly, constitutes the most critical growth-related condition characterized by long-term and poorly controlled T1D in relation to chronic

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