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Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2.0: an update on the current status worldwide . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020 74 1498 – 1513 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y ) 2 Christakos S Li S De La Cruz J Bikle DD . New developments in our understanding
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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). The development of osteoporosis is associated with a variety of factors, including hormone changes and calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is also a potential mechanism for age-related bone loss
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muscle to insulin, defined as insulin resistance (IR), contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases. Skeletal muscle insulin action is decreased in prediabetes and T2DM, but it also may be largely
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regulated by systemic hormones and local regulators produced within the bone ( 30 ). Estrogens and androgens are critical for skeletal development and maintenance and play important roles in males and females during the pubertal growth spurt and in reaching
F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
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Introduction Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare, autosomal-dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by the development, during the lifetime of a patient, of multiple tumors in target neuroendocrine and non
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Vitamin D has many physiological functions including upregulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, mobilization of bone resorption, renal reabsorption of calcium as well as actions on a variety of pleiotropic functions. It is believed that many of the hormonal effects of vitamin D involve a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-vitamin D receptor-mediated transcriptional mechanism involving binding to the cellular chromatin and regulating hundreds of genes in many tissues. This comprehensive historical review provides a unique perspective of the many steps of the discovery of vitamin D and its deficiency disease, rickets, stretching from 1650 until the present. The overview is divided into four distinct historical phases which cover the major developments in the field and in the process highlighting the: (a) first recognition of rickets or vitamin D deficiency; (b) discovery of the nutritional factor, vitamin D and its chemical structure; (c) elucidation of vitamin D metabolites including the hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; (d) delineation of the vitamin D cellular machinery, functions and vitamin D-related diseases which focused on understanding the mechanism of action of vitamin D in its many target cells.
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Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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efficient preventive approaches have proved challenging. More than a century ago, a prevailing condition that adversely affected child development and was termed the ‘English disease’, but which was widespread over most industrialized regions and major
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observations suggest that the effect of adipogenic Dkk1 deletion on bone mass may be age dependent. Previous studies have shown that the role of Dkk1 in bone remodeling is complex and varies depending on the stage of skeletal development and the type of bone
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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and CD86 that are associated with antigen presentation to T cells ( 31 , 32 ), leading to impaired T cell activation ( 31 , 35 ). Subsequent analyses have shown that DC exposed to 1,25D exhibit an immature phenotype that promotes the development of
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Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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sensitivity of trabecular bone to oestrogen ( 26 ). In addition, trabecular bone development may be less dependent on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis, unlike cortical bone mass ( 31 ). In fact, high growth hormone levels as encountered
