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obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and circadian rhythmicity have been reviewed elsewhere ( 12 ). In one notable study, mice made obese by a high-fat diet exhibit reduced amplitude of circadian rhythms ( 17 ), although these effects may be due to diet
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University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Introduction The hypothalamopituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis tightly regulates cortisol secretion ( 1 ). Cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm with a brisk increase upon awakening and a nadir around midnight ( 1 ). Food is an external factor
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, 17 , 20 ). The model diversity illustrated this phenomenon. It is, however, reassuring that the main model structure of the final model was similar to other published models ( 16 ), with the main differences being the lack of circadian rhythm ( 16
Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Oxford Liver Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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nucleus (SCN). The SCN receives light information from the retina. The timekeeping mechanism is composed of a transcriptional–translational feedback loop, which has an intrinsic period of approximately 24 h. Circadian rhythms are critically important for