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Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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glucagon’s well-known effects on glucose metabolism, the hormone is also involved in amino acid metabolism. Glucagon secretion is stimulated by glucagonotropic amino acids and glucagon in turn stimulates hepatic amino acid breakdown ( 2 ). Elevated levels
Zealand Pharma A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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, substrate availability, and the autonomic nervous system. Potent regulators of glucagon secretion include hypoglycaemia, insulin, and certain amino acids ( 4 , 5 ). A feedback loop between the liver and the pancreas, the liver–α-cell axis, controls amino
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Introduction Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are neutral amino acids containing branched aliphatic hydrocarbon chains on the α-carbon, including l -leucine, l -isoleucine and l -valine, which are essential amino acids that cannot be
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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the other hand, high intake of proteins stimulates glucagon secretion, subsequently increasing insulin production. In this case increased insulin level stimulate amino acids uptake and glucose production using alternative sources of energy, helping
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( 54 ). However, we cannot exclude that altered circulating amino acid levels after surgery might have affected glucagon levels ( 55 ). A paradoxical increase of glucagon secretion during OGTT after metabolic surgery was previously reported in animal
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quantitative importance of other factors, such as inhibition by insulin and stimulation by amino acids, is disputed ( 8 , 9 ). Hypoglycemia also triggers the release of other counter-regulatory hormones such as catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
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Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
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Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
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Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
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Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
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inhibits gluconeogenesis of a variety of substrates, such as glycerol lactate pyruvate and amino acids ( 19 ). Metformin is thought to reduce gluconeogenesis from alanine, pyruvate, and lactate, and lactic acid levels may increase under certain conditions
Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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because both contain ER retention signals, a three-amino acid motif (RKR), which are masked only in the presence of their partner subunit. When formed, the fully assembled octameric channels are then translocated to the cell surface ( 29 ). K ATP channel
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, consisting of 379 amino acids, is expressed across various cell types and plays essential roles in regulating infection and inflammation. Early studies revealed STING’s essential role in the immune response to bacterial and viral invasion ( 39 ). Recent
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resistance attenuates relationship between fasting plasma glucagon and glucagonotropic amino acids . Diabetologia 2018 61 671 – 680 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4535-5 ) 48 Færch K Vistisen D Pacini G Torekov SS Johansen NB Witte DR