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Meena Asmar Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ali Asmar Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Lene Simonsen Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Flemming Dela Xlab, Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Juul Holst NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Bülow Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction The regulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) is crucial in lipid homeostasis ( 1 , 2 ). It has long been recognized that the ATBF is tightly coupled to adipose tissue metabolism ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). In

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Julia H Goedecke Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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Mehreen Tootla Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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Dheshnie Keswell Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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comprises both visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), is commonly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, whereas lower-body gluteo-femoral fat accumulation may be protective ( 4 , 5 ). Within adipose tissue, aromatase ( CYP19A1

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Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Agnieszka Nikołajuk Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Magdalena Stefanowicz Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Natalia Matulewicz Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Irina Kowalska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Marek Strączkowski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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systemic chemerin and insulin resistance has been reported ( 11 , 12 , 15 , 16 ); however, not all studies confirm this relationship ( 17 , 18 ). Furthermore, data regarding the correlations between adipose tissue (AT) chemerin expression and insulin

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Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Agnieszka Nikołajuk Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Radosław Majewski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Remigiusz Filarski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Magdalena Stefanowicz Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Natalia Matulewicz Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Marek Strączkowski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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complications ( 1 ). Adipose tissue (AT) function and the balance between lipid storage and mobilization play an important role in regulating insulin action. Inability of AT to store fat leads to free fatty acids (FFA) overflow to other tissues and to insulin

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Liangming Li Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuan Wei Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Chunlu Fang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Shujing Liu Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Fu Zhou Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Ge Zhao Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yaping Li Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuan Luo Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Ziyi Guo Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Weiqun Lin Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China

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Wenqi Yang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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with T2DM suffer from obesity ( 3 , 4 ). Overloaded energy intake and physical inactivity result in obesity characterized by rapid expansion of adipose tissue. As obesity progresses, adipose expansion outpaces the growth of vasculature, leading to

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Katrine M Lauritsen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jens Hohwü Voigt Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Steen Bønløkke Pedersen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Troels K Hansen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Møller Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Jessen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Lars C Gormsen Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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insulin-independent lowering of plasma glucose has several pleiotropic consequences that may contribute to overall cardioprotection ( 2 ). This includes a 2–2.5 kg weight loss and a significant impact on adipose tissue with an increase in lipid

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Jing Li School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Xuejie Yi Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tao Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tingting Yao School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Dongyang Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Guangxuan Hu Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongqi Ma Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Bo Chang Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Shicheng Cao Department of Sports Medicine, School of Public and Basic Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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health, is increasing worldwide. Hence, exploring the mechanisms through which obesity occurs and finding effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required in the field of public health. Mammalian adipose tissue comprises white (WAT

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Sarah Christine Sentis Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Rebecca Oelkrug Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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specialized brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main thermogenic organ, providing a more long-lasting and sustainable source of converting stored energy into heat via non-shivering thermogenesis ( 2 ). Thus, BAT constitutes a potential anti-obesity drug target

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Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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(adiponectin, IL-10) ( 4 ). Chronic inflammation in obese adipose tissues is characterized by a substantial infiltration of macrophages ( 5 ). In the context of prolonged positive energy homeostasis, adipose tissue undergoes expansion to accommodate increased

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Julie Smith Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jan Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Henrik L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christina Christoffersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens P Goetze Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Mammalian hearts release natriuretic hormones that regulate renal natriuresis and intravascular fluid homeostasis (1, 2) . More recently, an effect on adipose tissue has also been established in which hormone binding to the

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