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classified into two main phenotypes: classical M1 macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages M2. Although both M1 and M2 macrophages increase in adipose tissue during expansion, M1 macrophages tend to dominate, aggregating around apoptotic adipocytes
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= 4 mice/group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs WT. WT, wild-type mice; WT + EX, WT + exercise; chemerin (−/−), chemerin knockout mice; chemerin (−/−) + EX, chemerin (−/−) + exercise. Chemerin knockout lowered the adipocyte size of
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into a new type of adipocytes, beige adipocytes ( 2 , 3 ), which have a similar thermogenic function to that of BAT. Increased thermogenesis in skeletal muscle caused by exercise is related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co
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adipocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of DKD. A variety of adipokines secreted by adipocytes, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, and chemerin, are related to the progression of DKD. Adiponectin is considered to have a
Tanaka Medical Clinic, Yoichi, Japan
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Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
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Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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). Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is expressed in adipocytes, macrophages, and capillary and injured arterial endothelial cells, and excessive expression of FABP4 is associated with the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, leading to
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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circulating ketone bodies which inhibit lipolysis through metabolite-sensing G-coupled receptors on adipocytes ( 3 , 9 ). In addition to the effects on lipolysis, reduced insulin concentrations could also affect lipid storage through its regulating effects on
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Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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fat mass causes adiponectin levels to rise, are not known. The physiological purpose of these opposing influences on adiponectin secretion is also not fully understood. Studies have shown that a number of factors do affect adipocyte secretion of
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between human adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. IMAT is characterized by a highly immunogenic and inflammatory secretome, associated with inflammatory cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and increasing interstitial free fatty acid (FFA) levels in
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( 13 ) and mediating insulin desensitization in adipocytes ( 14 ). Our previous study demonstrated that serum SDF-1 levels are closely related to hyperglycemia, hypercoagulability, and inflammation in patients with T2D ( 15 ). Since chronic
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Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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suppresses mesenteric adipocyte hypertrophy, declines damaged glucose tolerance during the oral glucose tolerance test, and mitigates insulin resistance in both metabolic syndrome and obese mouse models ( 15 , 33 ). Available evidence reports that TREH may