Till Ittermann
Till Ittermann
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Marcello R P Markus
Marcello R P Markus
Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jens-Peter Kühn
Jens-Peter Kühn
Institute of Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University, Dresden, Germany
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Marie-Luise Kromrey
Marie-Luise Kromrey
Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Giovanni Targher
Giovanni Targher
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Antje Steveling
Antje Steveling
Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Matthias Nauck
Matthias Nauck
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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Henry Völzke
Henry Völzke
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with NAFLD was also reported ( 4 ). Conversely, a case–control study, matching individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism to euthyroid controls, showed a positive association between serum TSH levels and NAFLD but
Sophie-Charlotte Drogge
Sophie-Charlotte Drogge
Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Mirjam Frank
Mirjam Frank
Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Carolin Girschik
Carolin Girschik
Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Karl-Heinz Jöckel
Karl-Heinz Jöckel
Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Dagmar Führer-Sakel
Dagmar Führer-Sakel
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Börge Schmidt
Börge Schmidt
Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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bone fractures ( 6 ). Even psychological symptoms such as depression ( 7 ) or reduced quality of life ( 8 ) are associated with subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Because thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reacts strong to minor changes in thyroid hormone
Heleen I Jansen
Heleen I Jansen
Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Marijn M Bult
Marijn M Bult
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peter H Bisschop
Peter H Bisschop
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anita Boelen
Anita Boelen
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Annemieke C Heijboer
Annemieke C Heijboer
Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jacquelien J Hillebrand
Jacquelien J Hillebrand
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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the measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, possibly followed up with serum free thyroxine (fT4) concentration when TSH is above or below the reference interval. Once a thyroid disorder is diagnosed and treatment is
Qing Zhou
Qing Zhou
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Li Yong Zhang
Li Yong Zhang
Department of Thyroid Surgery, Minimal Invasive Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Mei Feng Dai
Mei Feng Dai
Department of Clinical Lab, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Zhen Li
Zhen Li
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Chao Chun Zou
Chao Chun Zou
Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Hui Liu
Hui Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism has been defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine levels ( 1 ). Despite maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels, patients with subclinical
Aglaia Kyrilli
Aglaia Kyrilli
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Bernard Corvilain
Bernard Corvilain
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Sofie Bliddal
Sofie Bliddal
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Dorthe Hansen Precht
Dorthe Hansen Precht
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kris Poppe
Kris Poppe
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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, 16 ). Current guidelines from the American Thyroid Association (published in 2017) recommend that TPOAb-positive euthyroid pregnant women should have measurements of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) every 4 weeks through the late 2nd
Bogumila Urgatz
Bogumila Urgatz
Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kris G Poppe
Kris G Poppe
University Hospital CHU Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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of TH at this time. The increase in TH occurs due to a mild activation of the TSH receptor by hCG (which bears structural similarities to TSH), resulting in increased levels of T3 and T4, and a consequent modest fall in TSH ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). Increasing
Hana Vítková
Hana Vítková
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kateřina Anderlová
Kateřina Anderlová
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jan Krátký
Jan Krátký
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Radovan Bílek
Radovan Bílek
Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Drahomíra Springer
Drahomíra Springer
Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Felix Votava
Felix Votava
Department of Children and Adolescents, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tomáš Brutvan
Tomáš Brutvan
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Adéla Krausová
Adéla Krausová
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kristýna Žabková
Kristýna Žabková
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Eliška Potluková
Eliška Potluková
University Center of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland and University of Basel, Switzerland
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Jan Jiskra
Jan Jiskra
Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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-stimulating hormone (TSH). Whereas thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin indicate iodine nutrition over months or years, UIC and neonatal serum TSH reflect recent changes in iodine status and serve as sensitive markers of current iodine intake. Since the 1990s
Huixing Liu
Huixing Liu
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Daoquan Peng
Daoquan Peng
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Introduction Hypothyroidism, including overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is a common disease among people. The former is defined as increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and reduced free peripheral thyroid hormone (TH
Ning Yuan
Ning Yuan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jianbin Sun
Jianbin Sun
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xin Zhao
Xin Zhao
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jing Du
Jing Du
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Min Nan
Min Nan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qiaoling Zhang
Qiaoling Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xiaomei Zhang
Xiaomei Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Introduction Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), which is defined as an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration beyond the upper limit of the pregnancy-specific reference range and a normal free-thyroxine (FT4
Leqi He
Leqi He
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xiaoying Li
Xiaoying Li
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zaoping Chen
Zaoping Chen
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wei Wang
Wei Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kai Wang
Kai Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xinmei Huang
Xinmei Huang
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Qian Yang
Qian Yang
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wencai Ke
Wencai Ke
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jun Liu
Jun Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bingbing Zha
Bingbing Zha
Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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and stabilize at 5000–20,000 U/L in the second trimester of pregnancy ( 1 ). Because the subunit of hCG is similar to the α subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ( 2 ), it can directly stimulate the TSH receptor and increase thyroid hormone
