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Antonella Giampietro Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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Sabrina Chiloiro Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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Claudio Urbani Endocrinology II Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy

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Rosario Pivonello Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy

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Martin Ove Carlsson Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Rare Disease, Brussels, Belgium

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Francesca Dassie Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Nunzia Prencipe Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Marta Ragonese Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Roy Gomez Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Rare Disease, Brussels, Belgium

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Simona Granato Medical Department, Pfizer Italia, Rome, Italy

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Salvatore Cannavò Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Silvia Grottoli Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Pietro Maffei Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy

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Fausto Bogazzi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonio Bianchi Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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(GH)-secreting pituitary tumor that increases GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secretion ( 2 ). The primary aim of the treatment – through neurosurgery, radiotherapy or pharmacological therapy – is to achieve disease control by normalizing

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0247
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 3
Open access
Nelma Veronica Marques Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Luiz Eduardo Armondi Wildemberg Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Monica R Gadelha Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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normalising insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels that are inadequately controlled by octreotide or lanreotide ( 2 ). Long-term outcomes from clinical studies have demonstrated effective and consistent biochemical control with pasireotide for up to 304

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0155
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 10
Open access
Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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, GHD can be monitored by linear growth. However, assessment of linear growth is of no use when final height has been reached. Furthermore, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been questioned as a reliable biochemical proxy marker of GHD in CR

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0365
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 2
Open access
Xiaonan Guo Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Wenjing Hu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Xiaorui Lyu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hanyuan Xu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Huijuan Zhu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hui Pan Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Linjie Wang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hongbo Yang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Fengying Gong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) is a significant regulator of growth and metabolism ( 1 ). In the liver, GH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ( 2 ). The GH/IGF-1 axis can regulate hepatic glucose

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0462
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 5
Open access
Sherwin Criseno Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Helena Gleeson Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Andrew A Toogood Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Neil Gittoes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Anne Topping School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Niki Karavitaki Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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that in healthy individuals, GH and IGF-1 secretions decrease with advancing age ( 25 ). To date, the optimal duration of GH treatment in adults with GHD has not been established, as it remains unclear if its beneficial effects are sustained in the long

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0533
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 5
Open access
Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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). The exceptions when re-testing is generally not required are in patients with genetic/congenital defects, irreversible hypothalamic–pituitary lesions, and in those with panhypopituitarism and low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels ( 4

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0504
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 7
Open access
Dan Liang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Li-Yong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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/mL). Impairment to growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF1): children with growth retardation or adults with obvious hypometabolic syndrome had IGF1 levels below 2 s.d. than their peers and had additional pituitary hormone deficiencies. Impairment

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0168
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 8
Open access
Prishila Fookeerah Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia

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Winny Varikatt Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Meena Shingde Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Mark A J Dexter Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Mark McLean Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia

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secretion. All eight tumours causing acromegaly expressed growth hormone (GH) and produced elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (mean 3.1× upper limit of normal). Of these, six tumours expressed prolactin, but none caused high serum prolactin

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0328
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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María Kristín Jónsdóttir Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Sigrún Helga Lund deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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expensive, a biochemical marker for GHD screening would be beneficial. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (s-IGF1) has been proposed as a screening tool for GHD as low s-IGF1 may indicate GHD. However, its use remains debatable as s-IGF1 within normal range

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0363
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 2
Open access
Vanderlan O Batista Division of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Michael Kellner Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany and Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Walter Lisboa Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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André Faro Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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Lucas B Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Enaldo V Melo Statistics division, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Cynthia S Barros-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Elenilde G Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Nathalie O Santana Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Keila R Villar-Gouy Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Ângela C Leal Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Rivia S Amorim Division of Geriatrics, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Davi A Oliveira Simões Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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function, like immune and visual function, seems to depend more on extrapituitary circuits, namely insulin ( 4 , 5 ), IGF2 ( 6 ), brain GH ( 7 ), and brain IGF1 and IGF2 ( 8 , 9 ) than on the classical somatotropic axis (pituitary GH and circulating IGF1

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0401
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 1
Open access