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Mohammed S Razzaque Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA

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factor‐23 (FGF23), can influence vitamin D metabolism by suppressing 1α(OH)ase activity ( 8 ). Figure 1 Simplified diagram illustrating various functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D is a multifunctional hormone and has been shown to have beneficial

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Melissa Braga Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Zena Simmons Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Keith C Norris Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Monica G Ferrini Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Jorge N Artaza Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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). Mouse gene PCR primer sets (RT 2 ) for VDR, IGF1, IGF2, FGF1, FGF2, MSTN and FST were obtained from SABiosciences. The Power SYBR green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) was used with Step-One-Plus real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). The

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Julie Refardt Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Clara Odilia Sailer Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Bettina Winzeler Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Matthias Johannes Betz Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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for the CODDI-Investigators
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for the CODDI-Investigators

(insufficient vasopressin (AVP) secretion from the pituitary ( 2 , 3 , 4 )), the cause of primary polydipsia (with excessive fluid intake often without obvious cause) remains unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a peptide hormone synthesized by

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Zuyao Chen The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Xiaolin Zhong The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Weiqiang Tang The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Min Xia The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Chang Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China

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Yinping Guo The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Yan Yi The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Qingshan Jiang The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Xuyu Zu The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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Jing Zhong The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China

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affect thyroid cell migration and the EMT process ( 6 ). Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) was first isolated in bovine brains as a mitotic hormone in 1970 ( 7 ). Numerous studies have implied that FGF1 can promote tumor proliferation, migration, and

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Feifei Cheng Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Noel Yat Hey Ng Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Claudia Ha Ting Tam Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Yuying Zhang Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Cadmon King Poo Lim Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Guozhi Jiang Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Alex Chi Wai Ng Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Tiffany Tse Ling Yau Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Lai Ping Cheung Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Aimin Xu Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Juliana C N Chan Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Ronald C W Ma Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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that of women without PCOS (10.09 per 1000 person-years) ( 7 ). In addition to established clinical risk factors, other biomarkers have emerged as important predictors of diabetes risk ( 8 , 9 ). Two members from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Geneviève Drifte Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Irène Dunn-Siegrist Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Jérôme Pugin Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Introduction Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the FGF superfamily, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 (1, 2, 3, 4) . Because they lack the conventional FGF-heparin-binding domain, these FGFs can escape the body's vast

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Wenqi Yang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Ling Liu Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuan Wei Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Chunlu Fang Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Fu Zhou Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Jinbao Chen Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Qinghua Han Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Meifang Huang Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Xuan Tan Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Qiuyue Liu Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Qiang Pan Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Lu Zhang Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaojuan Lei Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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Liangming Li Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China

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to 642 million by 2040 ( 1 ). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetes cases ( 2 ). Promising targets to improve glucose homeostasis are of particular interest. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of

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Esben S Lauritzen The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Ermina Bach The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mette Bjerre The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Introduction Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis. It mediates glucose uptake by human adipocytes additively and independently to insulin ( 1 ). An increase in FGF21 leads to decreased

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Helle Keinicke Insulin and Device Trial Operations, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Gao Sun Pharmacology and Histopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, China

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Caroline M Junker Mentzel Department of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Merete Fredholm Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Linu Mary John Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Birgitte Andersen Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Marina Kjaergaard Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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at least 10% needs to be achieved ( 9 ). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone expressed primarily by the liver and adipose tissue. Treatment with FGF21 induces weight loss in rodents, non-human primates and early clinical trials ( 10 , 11

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Huixing Liu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Daoquan Peng Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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A1; SRB1, scavenger receptor b1; FGF19/21, fibroblast growth factors 19/21; HMG-COA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase Iα; WAT, white adipose tissue

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