Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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granulosa cells, which inhibit the development and growth of antral follicles and result in ovarian fibrosis ( 1 , 18 ). Recently, Takahashi et al. reported that ER stress is stimulated in granulosa cells of patients with PCOS and mouse model, which
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sensitivity ( 8 ). Estrogens binding to estrogen receptors (ERA or ERB) activate estrogen-responsive genes and stimulate ER-positive cell lines. Although single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ERB gene (rs1271572, rs4986938 and rs928554) have been
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-ovulatory or anovulatory cycles, ovarian polycystic changes, and signs of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism, acne, and androgenic hair loss. Compared to healthy people, individuals with PCOS are prone to various complications, such as metabolic syndrome
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
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INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France
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retinol uptake is usually facilitated by a RBP transporter, STRA6 (STimulated by Retinoic Acid 6) ( 13 ) ( Fig. 1 ). STRA6 can also facilitate retinol efflux. Mutations of this protein cause severe and often lethal development abnormalities ( 14 ). Within
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
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Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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). Although the pathways linking obesity and IR to thyroid cancer remain largely unknown, a potential role for insulin, growth hormone (GH) secretagogues and adipokines has been postulated ( 10 ). Insulin not only regulates cell metabolism but also stimulates
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Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome that is characterized by features of anovulation (amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea) combined with symptoms of androgen excess (hirsutism, acne and alopecia) ( 1 ). The
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) of the brainstem and the pituitary. POMC is cleaved into different biologically active peptides, including the alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which drives satiety and increases energy expenditure through its selective binding to the
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vitamin D receptor (VDR) can be found across several tissues within the female reproductive system. VDR mRNA is expressed in ovarian, deciduae, placenta and endometrium cells ( 6 , 23 , 24 ). Furthermore, calcitriol (1,25[OH] 2 vitamin D) directly leads
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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poorer cancer prognosis ( 1 , 2 ). Chronic hyperinsulinemia may stimulate carcinogenesis either directly through the insulin receptor or indirectly through insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1Rs). Recent evidence indicates that the anti
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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). Our finding of overexpression of insulin may also induce autocrine growth stimulation. This is, however, less likely, because highly supraphysiological insulin concentrations are required to induce growth ( 38 ). Phaeochromocytomas induce two types