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Bo Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yumei Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Xu Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaolu Shen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuanyu Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jieqiang Lv Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Songying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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granulosa cells, which inhibit the development and growth of antral follicles and result in ovarian fibrosis ( 1 , 18 ). Recently, Takahashi et al. reported that ER stress is stimulated in granulosa cells of patients with PCOS and mouse model, which

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Anastasia K Armeni Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Konstantinos Assimakopoulos Department of Psychiatry, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Dimitra Marioli Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Vassiliki Koika Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Euthychia Michaelidou Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Niki Mourtzi Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Gregoris Iconomou Department of Psychiatry, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Neoklis A Georgopoulos Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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sensitivity ( 8 ). Estrogens binding to estrogen receptors (ERA or ERB) activate estrogen-responsive genes and stimulate ER-positive cell lines. Although single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ERB gene (rs1271572, rs4986938 and rs928554) have been

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Zheng Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Haixia Zeng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Qiulan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Cuiping Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Xuan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Shaohua Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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Jian-ping Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

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-ovulatory or anovulatory cycles, ovarian polycystic changes, and signs of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism, acne, and androgenic hair loss. Compared to healthy people, individuals with PCOS are prone to various complications, such as metabolic syndrome

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J Brossaud Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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V Pallet Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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J-B Corcuff Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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retinol uptake is usually facilitated by a RBP transporter, STRA6 (STimulated by Retinoic Acid 6) ( 13 ) ( Fig. 1 ). STRA6 can also facilitate retinol efflux. Mutations of this protein cause severe and often lethal development abnormalities ( 14 ). Within

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Chiara Mele Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Maria Teresa Samà Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Marina Caputo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Valentina Bullara Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Stefania Mai Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gillian Elisabeth Walker Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Flavia Prodam Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Paolo Marzullo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gianluca Aimaretti Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Loredana Pagano Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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). Although the pathways linking obesity and IR to thyroid cancer remain largely unknown, a potential role for insulin, growth hormone (GH) secretagogues and adipokines has been postulated ( 10 ). Insulin not only regulates cell metabolism but also stimulates

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Thomas Reinehr Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Alexandra Kulle Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Juliane Rothermel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Caroline Knop-Schmenn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Nina Lass Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Christina Bosse Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Paul-Martin Holterhus Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome that is characterized by features of anovulation (amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea) combined with symptoms of androgen excess (hirsutism, acne and alopecia) ( 1 ). The

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Rajae Talbi Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Victor M Navarro Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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) of the brainstem and the pituitary. POMC is cleaved into different biologically active peptides, including the alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which drives satiety and increases energy expenditure through its selective binding to the

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Christian Trummer Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Verena Schwetz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Elisabeth Lerchbaum Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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vitamin D receptor (VDR) can be found across several tissues within the female reproductive system. VDR mRNA is expressed in ovarian, deciduae, placenta and endometrium cells ( 6 , 23 , 24 ). Furthermore, calcitriol (1,25[OH] 2 vitamin D) directly leads

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia

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Rikke Hjortebjerg Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jan Frystyk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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poorer cancer prognosis ( 1 , 2 ). Chronic hyperinsulinemia may stimulate carcinogenesis either directly through the insulin receptor or indirectly through insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1Rs). Recent evidence indicates that the anti

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Ivar Følling Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Anna B Wennerstrøm Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Tor J Eide Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Hilde Loge Nilsen Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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). Our finding of overexpression of insulin may also induce autocrine growth stimulation. This is, however, less likely, because highly supraphysiological insulin concentrations are required to induce growth ( 38 ). Phaeochromocytomas induce two types

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