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Centre for Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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extra-skeletal functions. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with obesity, cardiometabolic risk, diabetes, age-related diseases, and autoimmune diseases ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Additionally, there is emerging evidence that vitamin D
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fat distribution or fat content within the body. Ectopic fat accumulation is regarded as a risk factor for metabolic diseases ( 3 , 4 ). Our team recently demonstrated that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and fat content of the liver in overweight
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JJ Wright V Anandani K Needleman B Noria S Renton D , Clusterin impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity and adipocyte clusterin associates with cardiometabolic risk . Diabetes Care 2019 42 466 – 475 . ( https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0870 ) 18
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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fat, partially hydrogenated oils, and cardiometabolic health: the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study . European Heart Journal 2016 37 1079 – 1081 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv595 ) 57 Hosseini B Berthon BS
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depression are not yet unified ( 10 ). Obesity promotes an increased risk of cardiovascular and psychiatric diseases, which may depend on abdominal fat and its function ( 11 ). Currently, most studies use body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) to
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