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Olav Inge Håskjold Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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Henrik Stenestø Foshaug UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine

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Therese Benedikte Iversen Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Harstad, Norway

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Helga Charlotte Kjøren Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Harstad, Norway

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Vegard Heimly Brun Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine

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: colloid nodule, adenomatoid colloid nodule, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, or other thyroid cancer. The operator also indicated the confidence of the assignment to

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Guoquan Zhu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuying Deng Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Liqin Pan Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Wei Ouyang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Huijuan Feng Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Juqing Wu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Pan Chen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jing Wang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yanying Chen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jiaxin Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Introduction Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a common endocrine malignancy, accounting for approximately 90% of all thyroid cancers. There are several histological variants of PTC, with conventional PTC constituting the majority of cases ( 1

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Catarina Tavares Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Maria João Coelho Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal

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Catarina Eloy Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Miguel Melo Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Hospital Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Medical Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACeS Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal

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Ana Pestana Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Rui Batista Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Luciana Bueno Ferreira Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Elisabete Rios Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal

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Samia Selmi-Ruby Inserm UMR-S1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Bruno Cavadas Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal

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Luísa Pereira Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Manuel Sobrinho Simões Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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function. However, no clear answer emerged from the results obtained in the previous studies. Despite the central role of NIS in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of thyroid cancer patients, reliable methods for ascertaining NIS expression and

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Huy Gia Vuong Department of Pathology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Uyen N P Duong Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Ahmed M A Altibi Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

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Hanh T T Ngo Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Thong Quang Pham Department of Pathology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Hung Minh Tran Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Greta Gandolfi Laboratory of Translational Research, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Lewis Hassell Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

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Introduction PTC is the most common histologic type of thyroid cancer, and its incidence has been increasing over the years ( 1 ). PTCs rarely behave as aggressive tumors clinically, with a cancer-specific mortality rate less than 5% ( 2

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Luis Eduardo Barbalho de Mello Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Thaise Nayane Ribeiro Carneiro Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Aline Neves Araujo Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Camila Xavier Alves Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Pedro Alexandre Favoretto Galante Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Vanessa Candiotti Buzatto Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Maria das Graças de Almeida Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Karina Marques Vermeulen-Serpa Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Sancha Helena de Lima Vale Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Fernando José de Pinto Paiva Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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José Brandão-Neto Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Janete Maria Cerutti Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction Thyroid cancers arising from follicular cells are referred to as non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC), while those arising from parafollicular cells are referred to as medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Although the majority (~95%) of

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Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Abdul K Siraj Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Zeeshan Qadri Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Saeeda O Ahmed Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Felisa DeVera Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Saif Al-Sobhi Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Fouad Al-Dayel Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Khawla S Al-Kuraya Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Introduction Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the commonest subtype of thyroid cancer, accounting for 80–90% of all thyroid cancers, and is generally associated with favorable outcome ( 1 , 2 ). The incidence of PTC has increased

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Dongyan Han Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Min Ding Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Rongli Xie Department of General Surgery, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhengshi Wang Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guohui Xiao Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaohong Wang Shanghai Rigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China

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Lei Dong Department of Pathology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiqiang Yin Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jian Fei Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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tool in evaluating and diagnosing thyroid nodules ( 5 ). A meta-analysis of 31 studies showed that ultrasonography alone does not accurately predict thyroid cancer ( 6 ). Ultrasonography can only determine the current growth status of the nodule and

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S C Clement Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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W E Visser Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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C A Lebbink Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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D Albano Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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H L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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A Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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R P Dias Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham Women’s, and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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M P Dierselhuis Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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I Dzivite-Krisane Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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R Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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A Garcia-Burillo Nuclear Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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L Izatt Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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C Kanaka-Gantenbein Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece

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H Krude Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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L Lamartina Department of Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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K Lorenz Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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M Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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R Navardauskaitė Department of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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M Negre Busó Nuclear Medicine Service - Institut de diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain

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K Newbold Thyroid Therapy Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, UK

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R P Peeters Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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G Pellegriti Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy

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A Piccardo Department of Nuclear Medicine, EO Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy

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A L Priego Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden, University medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A Redlich Pediatric Oncology Department, Otto von Guericke University Children's Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany

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L de Sanctis Regina Margherita Children Hospital - Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

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M Sobrinho-Simões University Hospital of São João, Medical Faculty and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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A S P van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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F A Verburg Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Vriens Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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T P Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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S F Ahmed Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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End Results Program, the annual percent change in pediatric thyroid cancer incidence increased from 1.1% per year (1973–2006) to 9.6% per year (2006–2013) ( 1 ). The increasing incidence is likely the result of better detection of small and early

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Anello Marcello Poma Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Riccardo Giannini Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Piaggi National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Clara Ugolini Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy

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Gabriele Materazzi Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Miccoli Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Fulvio Basolo Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Introduction The incidence of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) has decreased over the last years ( 1 ), but still accounts for 10–15% of all thyroid cancers ( 2 ). The distinction between follicular adenoma (FA) and FTC, conventionally

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Yujie Ren Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Xue Han Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yujiang Li Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Guofang Chen Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Treatment of Yingbing (Thyroid Disease) of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Lin Jiang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Chao Liu Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Treatment of Yingbing (Thyroid Disease) of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Shuhang Xu Endocrine and Diabetes Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Introduction With the widespread application of ultrasonography in recent decades ( 1 ), the prevalence of thyroid cancer has gradually risen to the 11th and 5th ranks in all cancers and those in women, respectively ( 2 ). Papillary thyroid

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