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Xinyuan Zhang Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Suiyan Li School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Hongwei Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Huai Bai Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Qingqing Liu Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Chunyi Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Ping Fan Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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treatment . Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2018 14 270 – 284 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.24 ) 8 Merkin SS Phy JL Sites CK & Yang D . Environmental determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome . Fertility and Sterility 2016 106 16 – 24

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Giovanni Tulipano Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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hypothalamic and pituitary level. Within this context, the most compelling data regard the influence of energy status on gonadotroph axis activity and fertility via AMPK ( 5 ). Apart from being a direct sensor of energy store within cells and a mediator of

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R Walia Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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M Singla Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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K Vaiphei Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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S Kumar Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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A Bhansali Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India

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virilization of external genitalia, prospects of restoring normal appearance of external genitalia and fertility and parent’s/patient’s preferences. Genital surgery is often required; however, the type and time of surgery are still debatable ( 5 ). Most of the

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Gunjan Garg Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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Garima Kachhawa Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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Rekha Ramot Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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Rajesh Khadgawat Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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Nikhil Tandon Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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V Sreenivas Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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Alka Kriplani Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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N Gupta Departments of Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatics

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syndrome: a randomized, controlled pilot trial . Fertility and Sterility 2014 101 1740 – 1746 . ( doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.021 ). 21 Morales AJ Laughlin GA Butzow T Maheshwari H Baumann G Yen SS . Insulin, somatotropic, and

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Kerry V Fanson Wildlife Reproductive Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
Wildlife Reproductive Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia

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Tamara Keeley Wildlife Reproductive Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
Wildlife Reproductive Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia

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Benjamin G Fanson Wildlife Reproductive Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia

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been identified as one of the top ten global conservation issues (17) . Captive breeding programs play a critical role in achieving this goal, but fertility rates must improve. Causes of ovarian dysfunction and reproductive failure in elephants are

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Valentina Guarnotta Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Silvia Lucchese Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Mariagrazia Irene Mineo Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Donatella Mangione Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Renato Venezia Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Piero Luigi Almasio Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Carla Giordano Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Dokras A Laven J Moran L Piltonen T Norman RJ & International PCOS Network. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome . Fertility and Sterility 2018 110

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Wioletta Pijacka
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Morag G Hunter
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Fiona Broughton Pipkin School of Biosciences, New Maternity Unit, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK

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Martin R Luck
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) by Genus technicians (Genus PLC, Westmere Drive, Crewe, UK) using semen from beef bulls of proven fertility. On days 12, 14, 16 and 18, cows were transported to an adjacent abattoir and the uterus was collected immediately following killing (by

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Masafumi Tetsuka Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan

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Misato Tanakadate Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan

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maturation and fertilization in cattle . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility: Supplement 1989 38 . 2677348 2 Ferreira EM Vireque AA Adona PR Meirelles FV Ferriani RA Navarro PA . Cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes: structural and

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Sebastian Franik Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathrin Fleischer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Barbara Kortmann Department of Pediatric Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Nike M Stikkelbroeck Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Kathleen D’Hauwers Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Claire Bouvattier Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Paris, France

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Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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Solange Grunenwald Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

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Tim van de Grift Departments of Plastic Surgery and Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Audrey Cartault Department of Pediatrics, Hospital des Enfants, Toulouse, France

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Annette Richter-Unruh Kinderendokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitätsklinikum Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Kinderklinik, Bochum, Germany

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Nicole Reisch Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany

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Ute Thyen Klinik fur Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitat zu Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Joanna IntHout Department for Health Evidence, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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the dsd-LIFE Group
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the dsd-LIFE Group

relatively high prevalence, KS is a highly underdiagnosed syndrome: only about 25% of the affected men are diagnosed, most likely due to a high variation in phenotype ( 1 ). One of the most common medical effects of KS is impaired fertility. Nonobstructive

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Jan Roar Mellembakken Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Azita Mahmoudan Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Lars Mørkrid Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

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Inger Sundström-Poromaa Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Laure Morin-Papunen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland

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Juha S Tapanainen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland

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Terhi T Piltonen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland

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Angelica Lindén Hirschberg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden

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Elisabet Stener-Victorin Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Eszter Vanky Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, UK
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Pernille Ravn Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Richard Christian Jensen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marianne Skovsager Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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related to polycystic ovary syndrome . Fertility and Sterility 2004 81 19 – 25 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004 ) 3 Glintborg D Endocrine and metabolic characteristics in polycystic ovary syndrome . Danish Medical Journal

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